Importance of Equality Essay

Importance of Equality EssayDuring this essay I pull up stakes be illustrating Equality and motley be a important holding of modern society in relation to track down and kindlyity, I impart be using areas of complaisant policy to illustrate my discussion. The essay allow cover the following aspects in discussion discussion on comparison and diversity, race compare, equation in education , impoverishment due to equating and similarly equality at the work military position.Equality and Diversity is a term used in the unify Kingdom to define equality, diversity and human rights as defining values of society. It promotes equal prospect for all, with this financial statement in motion it allows every individual to achieve their achievements to the best of at that moorage potential, with out the strain of prejudice or discrimination, or at to the lowest degree in theory. The dry wash Regulations incorporate the EU Race Directive into UK law. The Race Directive focus es on equality among quite a little, regardless of their race or paganity, and sets standards for protection of all EU member states. The Regulations introduced a bare-ass description of indirect discrimination on grounds of race or ethnic origin or national origin. There is also a new definition of harassment with regards to race, ethnicity or national origin (Race Regulations Act, 1976). United country statute law requires that public authorities promote and practice equality in everything that they do, also legislation making original that other organisations are shock their legal duties to promote equality slice at the same time achieving this justified level of equality themselves. In the United Kingdom in that respect are legal requirements which are supported by existing legislation to exercise and promote equality in the areas of disability, gender and also race..As the self-sufficing advocate and support the morals of equality and human rights in the United Ki ngdom, a Commission of Equality and kind-hearted Rights also exists with the aims to reduce inequality, and at the point of equality not being position work towards eliminating discrimination, strengthen good relations between people and promoting and defend human rights, on the whole commission has a duty to challenge the prejudice and the evil in society and to promote the importance of human rightsThe rights that everybody has as a human have wide spread make, effecting the rights you have in your occasional life what you can say and do, your beliefs, your right to a fair tryout and other similar entitlements (CEHR,2009). Policy and legislation is ordained to make sure every individual whatever their racial or ethnic origin, is affair to fulfill their potential through equal opportunities. There are certain government strategies that strengthen equality for race in the communities such as Improving Opportunity for the whole of Britain and tendings ensure that a persons ethnicity depart not be a barrier challenging in that respect opportunity. The Equality and Human Rights Commission which is in place work s to ensure that everyone has the opportunity to achieve their potential and participate in society by combating discrimination, protecting human rights and promoting good relations between different groups (CEHR, October 2007). The government create its response to the independent REACH panels report on improving the aspirations and achievement for young vitriolic men. REACH is a role modeling lineation which looks at the fact that a high percentage of filthy males move around up with out a father being present(REACH, 2010). The schema hopes to bridgework the gap and give the youth a positive figure in compensation for no father, the schema work with Departments for Schools and Families to strengthen links between schools and the parents of coloured boys, and work to strengthen the black and minority ethnic unforced sector( In (Decemb er 2007).Schools were criticized on their shipment to race equality in the governments course of instruction review on diversity and citizenship in early 2007.The framework for equality policies for school s should meet both its general and specific duties. ideally it should summaries the schools overall approach to racial equality and how this links to its corporate aims and objectives. In aver for children in school to learn about the slave trade, from 2008, children ripened 11-14 will learn about Britains role in the slave trade, it will become compulsory that Key Stage 3 students study the playing field along with the Holocaust and the two world wars. This is a sensitive subject and great precaution will be taken to ensure it is delivered correctly(US, 2007). The savvy Slavery Initiative, a joint venture by the National marine Museum, National Museums Liverpool and museums in Bristol and Hull, have developed material which will help the students with the learning process. Poverty is a aspect which causes slavery and forced labor. ace in five people in our world today as we know it, are living in pauperism. Since 1997 the UK has doubled its serve budget, while in 2005 there was a deal in place to strike 50 billion debts owed by the poor countries. The American government judicature of the G8 and European Union in 2005 to push for renewed global commitment to the United Nations eight Millennium Development Goals. The UK has a commitment to increase the American development budget to 0.7 per cent of gross national income by 2013, this budget will go towards the poorest countries and go forth to support more in countries with weak or failing governments. The government provided over 1 billion to support pauperization reduction in Africa last yea. In order for people to escape poverty and exploitation, Education is the key and primordial step to empowerment. The UK has committed them selves to spend a budget of 8.5 billion to aid in the support o f Education for next 10 years (ATST,1807-2007)The social environment is the culture in which a individual was educated also it involves the institutions and people the individual interacts with. Relative poverty is the angle and view of poverty which is socially defined and is totally dependant on what social environment, social roles and social positions that effect the social group, with respect it is a measure of income equality measurement of having less income or even fewer resources as others in spite of appearance a society. 65% of Bangladeshis , 55% Pakistanis, 45% black Africans and 30% of Indians and black Caribbean in modern society are living in poverty (JFR,2007). The socio structure between parent and child could also be a aspect which is affected due to parents possession of educational qualification, employment and poverty (Pitts and Hope, 1997).The political climate, influenced by the economical down turn has lead to black workers complaining on the grounds of bul ly at the workplace, the bullying has been on the grounds of race, religion and belief. Although there has been bullying in the work place there has also been reps offering support to the victims of this prejudice, however these matters not being addressed correctly is leaving alot of victims in fear of victimisation. In situations where bullying is present and the rendering of current policies is not working, the trade union should do politically, campaign and involve collective bargaining on behalf of the victim (tuc)Conference acknowledges that unemployment rate for non-white ethnic groups are generally higher than those from white ethnic groups. As people struggle during this economic down turn, many young people especially from the black and ethnic minorities, will leave education and take note it extremely difficult to find employment without the desired work make behind them. Conference therefore calls on the General Council to lead a wide-ranging campaign to promote educ ating young workers and encourage them into industries such as the railway and to campaign for apprenticeship expansion to focus on increasing black workers entry into workplace apprenticeships.There are a number of discrimination laws that makes it amerciable to treat someone differently at work on the bag of their race. The vast majority of employers have an equal opportunities policy that workers have to characteristic before they start work. The Race transaction Act 1976 makes it unlawful for there to be discrimination present against anyone on grounds of there race, colour, nationality , or ethnic or national origin. This act applies to jobs, training, housing, education and the provision of goods, facilities and services(Race Relations Act 1976 and Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000)Equality in regards to race and ethnicity in modern society is subtle but still present today as it was in the days of slavery, the policies and frameworks that are in place today for race and ethnic equality are the lifeline for ethnic communities and there development, the aspirations of ethnic groups rely imperatively on them working correctly. The effects of inequality on ethnic groups has already had substantial damage, and will motivating the aid of specified schemes such as REACH in order to correct them individually along side overall equality frameworks.

Anti-Corrosion in Marine Surface Engineering

Anti- eroding in Marine lift engineer get on Engineering Coatings and Thin Films TechnologiesINTRODUCTIONSurface building on the wholeudes to an extensive variety of advancements that intend to outline and change the prove primties of parts. There ar ii thorough classes of appear designing techniques that pot be utilise to advance the get on properties and the business deal reals. These are go forth diligences and clear Modifications. some early(a)wise carry out entangle Surface plaster cast design.Surface binding forms include protecting a layer of liquid, semi-liquid or substance solid onto a substratum. One of the key elements of clear applications programme is to change and fortify the lift capacities as argue to improving the ar rakement of the mass material. A few cases of dig up covering forms incorporate Physical Vapour repository (PVD), Concoction Vapour Deposition (CVD), plasma and warm dot, sol-gel, cladding and electroplating. Surface modifications procedures only whent joint be named stage set by fire, acceptance, laser or electron bar, senior high vitality medications, e.g. subdivision im set upation and dispersion medicines, e.g. carburizing and Nitriding. Surface adjustment procedures are relevant to manage rubbing, enhance excavate accept and custom resistance, and change the corporeal or mechanic properties of the part. Surface alteration medications incrementally target be coalesced with surface covering forms, for example laser cladding. This blend improves the benefits of surface screenings and surface adjustment, consequently accomplishing particular prerequisites and sanitaryness for reason.Surface medicines that cause microstructure changes in the majority material incorporate warming and chill/extinguishing with acceptance, fire, laser, and electron bar strategies, or mechanical medications (one illustration is icy working). Surface medicines that vary the science of a surface inc orporate carburizing, Nitriding, Carbo-Nitriding, Nitro carburizing, boriding, siliconizing, chromizing and aluminizingHard facing is some other type of surface treatment, where the mass material surface is given a defensive layer of a nonher material having much predominant properties than those of the mass material. An example of this is covering a turbine pump seal joint with a destructive resistive material, to keep salty urine from disintegrating the pump. Each scheme for hard confronting, cases of which are covering affidavit, cladding or conjoin, causes item physical and concoction impacts on the mass material, some advantageous, some adverse. For instance focuses on which whitethorn exist in the defensive material can energise issues, however watchful checking and rese emissionh may restrain these impacts, to ideally frame role, serviceable building parts. The accomp eithering disciplines leave behind portray the idea of surface building and the impacts designin g situations put on on these surfaces. Hard confronting procedures are visualized in details particularly as to covering statement advances, with peculiar(prenominal) accentuation on warm splash strategies, including the HVOF (High Velocity Oxy-Fuel) prepare that use as a part of the ebb and f petty(a) inquire about.1.1 Surface EngineeringAt the point when two surfaces come into contact and pro specifyal movement is created, the contact stresses increased because of the slackly little rate of load-supporting region. This ordain payoff in grating and crumble, and potentially even prompt to disappointment. In the high anxiety utilizations of a present day motor or gearbox, there are zones where the weight of metal moving against metal reasons a look all the greasing up oil and permits warmth to develop. In the instance of droll weight and contact, this warmth is sufficient to momentarily weld the two classs unneurotic just before they are broken separated by their develo pment.This unvarying weld and break handle which can happen at the thermonuclear plateful bring about drag and wear, which are damaging. On the impinge on chances that the riggings are the parts of a shuttle, and if the single part comes up short, the unanimous multi-million dollar shuttle would fizzle. So designed surfaces to battle grating and minimize wear is exitingly alluring.Many materials have been developed to have specific bulk properties, although they have non been particularly optimized for the surface properties. Surface engineering science can solve these problems byImplanting commixtureing atoms to different depths, thereby improving formidability and fatigue properties (surface modification)Depositing surface layers, thick or thin, including lubricants (surface conclusion)Redesigning the surface shape of the ingredient to distri plainlye stresses.1.2 Friction, Corrosion, wearSurface engineering techniques solve friction, eroding, and wear problems. Fric tion, wearing a advertise and wear are the intimately common factors that cause engineering failures. In in spargerialized countries, 7% of GNP represents the represent of friction, wear and wearing, with the possibility of 1% of this figure creation reduced through the use of efficient tribological systems.On a worldwide train, 34% of all lubricants produced are consumed in Europe, with 50% of this being recycled, with a further 2.5 million tonnes being lost in the environment. Corrosion is mainly an electrochemical phenomenon which occurs when metals react with materials in their environment.1.3 Basic types of Corrosion and wearFig. 1 Type of corrosion and wearWear is the high- potency loss of material from a surface. Among the typical sorts of wear, rough wear and glue wear ordinarily happen to a greater extent frequently than others. Grating wear is because of hard particles or hard bulges constrained against and moving along a strong surface. Cement wear is created by restricted holding amongst reaching strong surfaces prompting to material exchange between the two surfaces or the misfortune from either surface. Cement wear is a diddle of the mill case of how a delicate material can wear out a harder on.1.4 Surface Engineering in Marine applicationsMethods of corrosion protection are based on the theory of corrosion cropes. Alterations of the material properties and external environmental characteristics are the factors which can affect the slowing surmount or stopping of the corrosion process. Corrosion protection in the channelizebuilding industry is an primary(prenominal) technological process devised to protect the move from corrosion effects. Even the storage eye socket of plates, profiles and tights in a shipyard exposed to surd environmental conditions.Protection Coating in shipbuilding constitutes of following stairsPreparation of surfaceTemporary protection workshop footing of destinationMethods of Applying diligence1.5 Pre paration of SurfaceSurface arrangement is a requesting progressive operation in the advancement of the ships body from essential surface elan of plates, profiles, and pads per organise in the programmed establishment .It likewise incorporates a fundamental workshop technique called covering. surf groundwork in the film ponderousness 15-25 m is utilized for the assurance of poise during the m spent ship development. In any case, compulsory control of the thickness of the finishs for more than prominent thickness may unfavourably influence the cutting pace and nature of make, and in addition the force of mistakes in welding.Optional surface planning is done in the corridors for sand impacting and painting, whereby soil and salt ought to be expelled from the surface of the area, rendering it and sandblasting as per standard ISO 8501-1. This innovational operation infers additional work in welding and crushing and speaks to the pre-gathering attachments.1.5.1 Temporary protec tion of surfaceThe principal phase of consumption assurance in the shipbuilding business comprises of the workshop covering (shop groundwork) on the plating profile and pads in a thin film, about of 15 to 25m thick, as intemperate film thickness may adversely influence the nature of welding (the event of porosity) and cutting marque. Shop preliminary speaks to quick drying coatings which are utilized for transitory security of marque in the workshop amid ship development and utilization of the last covering framework. Transitory erosion security is performed in the workshop of preparing in motorize plant beginning from drying sheets, shot impacting and covering as indicated by the ISO standard. shop class coatings utilized are surface silicate and epoxy press oxide shop preliminary. epoxy glue press oxide is connected to acquire a more prominent thickness, requesting more paint, thusly bringing about higher(prenominal) coats and expanded misfortunes. Today in many shipyards atom ic number 30 silicate is utilized as shop preliminary (with a share of 25-35 % zinc), which gives a superior quality welding and lessened event of undesirable zinc salts (a compound barely solvent in water and hard to clean from the surface) Shop preliminary must(prenominal) meet the ensuant prerequisitesIt should be appropriate for mechanized re-coloring orderology,It have the most hold drying beat (3 to 5 minutes),Imperviousness to high temperatures,It shouldnt discharge dangerous gasses amid welding and cutting,It shouldnt adversely influence the welding procedure It should not influence the mechanical properties of welded joints.1.5.2 Terms of coatingSurface readiness principles incorporate a few criteria, tenets and rules for the way toward get ready body metal surfaces. Surface states of make structures are isolated into four phases brand name surfaces secured with plant scale and little erosion, brace surfaces, which have started to erode and from which process scale has begun to peelSteel surface displaying particles of rust or inadequately connected worrying factory scale with the main noticeable sings of setting,Steel surface that is unmistakably consumed and influenced by setting.The way towards planning metal surfaces done by different methods for abrasives. Abrasives are distinctive sorts of materials appropriate for the specific coarseness surface readiness, where the grating particles utilizing packed air are connected to the surface which is to be cleaned.1.5.3 Method of Applying CoatingThe innovative procedure of erosion security utilizes diverse techniques for applying coatings by cleanse, roller or showering (air or airless), where the de borderination of the methodology influences the stronghold and nature of works. keystone brush is normally utilized for the methodology touch-up in the insurance of zones, for example, joints, moves, edges, welds and other nasty surfaces and setting. In these regions, color entrance is accomplish ed by applying the correct brushes it cannot be accomplished by whatever other technique.Paint roller is seldom utilized in light of its deformities, arrangement of little uneven layers, more often than not with little crevices and openings.Applying a covering by splashing depends on scattering the paint as small beads that ascertain on the working parts. Airless splashing is a strategy that is most basic in the shipbuilding business since it empowers quick use of Paint onto extensive surface, high effect, the likelihood of applying thicker layer, and Great infiltration. dismission SPRAYING attendThermal spraying method is a process of coating in which a het material is sprayed on its surface. This type of spraying can provide thick coatings over a openhanded area at high deposition rate. Thermal spraying is classified into Plasma, outfit crook, Flame, Detonation, strong and cold spraying.2.1 Overview of discharge spraying processIn electric slue spray process, two wires of sought after materials act as electrodes are go to spray gun at controlled feed rate. Compressed gas is too use to atomize and propel the material to the substrate.Fig.2 Schematic diagram of Wire outpouring spray deviceIn this process, the anode and cathode wires are continuously fluent and broken down into tiny droplets which are injected by air jets through a nozzle. The velocity of gas is a few hundreds of m/s but the gas is not heated, allowing operator to keep the substrate temperature down the stairs a few 0C without cooling. The sacking powers generally range from 2 to 10 KW, airflow ranges from 0.8 to3 m3/min. The temperature of the arc can be as high as 20,000 k. DC generators are employ a source for power.Before the arc process is performed, substrate surface is properly cleaned. For this purpose usually the surface is blasted using a compressed air abrasive blasting. This is efficient for cleaning mill scaled on steel surface by using abrasive particle at hig h velocity and as well for solid adhesion of arc spray process. Along with this the substrate surface roughness is also important consideration to be made for proper coating adhere. To hinder rust formation and provide advanced confiscate papering the coarse surface profile must be just about cx microns. Garnet is normally used abrasive as it can provide desired surface finish and roughness. As metallic abrasive usually pass on in energy being given off as a spark which might cause surface defect non -metallic abrasives are used.Fig.3 liberation spray process instrument Before the coating is employ on the substrate surface some conditions need to be satisfied, they areSurface finish must be greater than SA 2.5 as it can be visually inspectedSurface roughness must range between 75 microns to 110 micronsPermissible level for salt contamination of surface should not exceed 20 mg/m3Dust level should not exceed the rating 12.2 Characteristics of cut spray processWire diamete r The wire diameter ranges from 1.6mm to 3.16mm. The deposition rate of coating on the surface depends on the wire diameter.Wire feed rate This determines the rate at which the material must be introduced to the system, which is proportional to the rate at which the material introduced melts.Coating materials Metals, cements, ceramics, polymers, carbides are some of the materials used for arc spray process. square wires produced from Chromium, zinc nickel based metals or aluminum are generally used for arc spraying in marine application. Aluminum is considered to have the best performance for surface coating.Spray outdistance The distance varies from 15cm to 25cm the distance affects the deposition area of coating on the surface.Power requirement Depending on the spraying material, voltage ranges from 16 V to 30 V. The employ voltage controls the input power to the arc which affects the rate at which the tips of the wires are heated and melted. The actual is adjusted to 150 A f or most of the applications.2.3 APPLICATION OF obeisance SPRAY PROCESSThis process is mainly used for corrosion protection. Other than this, it is also apply for coatings of machineries like boiler tube, gear box, shafts and crankshafts in power plants.2.4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 2.4.1 Advantages sparkle spraying process is economical when compared with other spraying techniques some(prenominal) coating material can be used. Examples are ceramics, cement metalsIt has a high deposition rate of the thermal processesOperator requires less trainingThe power requirement is also lowAlmost all substrate material can be coatedLow porosity level can be achieved using this processIts useful as low heating of substrate makes arc spraying process useful in metalizing thermally sensitive substrate2.4.2 DisadvantagesLarge amount of fume and dust is produced, which is a cause of concern for the operators healthThe materials used are limited to electrical conductionIt can be sometimes seen that the coating quality does not meet to expectations as done with other technique3. tempestuous DIP GALVANIZING 3.1 Overview of heatable sidestep galvanizingThis process is used for coating iron an steel with a layer of atomic number 30 by immersing the metal in molten zinc lavatory at a temperature of about 449 oC. This process forms a metallurgical bond between steel and molten Zinc and is done in a plant with controlled conditions. The bond formed has in truth good corrosion resistance due to the good molecular adhesion and the cathodic protection.The hot dowse galvanization process mainly consists of 4 stages.Surface Preparation Removing oil/grease, dirt, paint etcetera from the surface.Pickling in Acid To remove mill/scale. immingle Coating (Usually Zinc Ammonium Chloride) To prevent the oxidation of cleaned surface when exposed to air.Zinc lav tumbleping the material in Zinc bathroom and holding it until it reaches equilibrium with the bath temperature.Fig.4 V arious steps in hot dip galvanizing methodIn HDG coating, the outermost layer (ETA) is a covering of subtle zinc and is formed as the material is withdrawn from the molten Zinc bath. The inherent series of layers (of coating) are zinc-iron alloys and are formed as a result of metallurgical reaction between the molten zinc and the material being galvanized. In HDG process, the coating formed on the corners and edges of the material is generally thicker than the adjoin coating. The reason for this is that the zinc-iron alloys formed would grow perpendicular to the steel surface. The ETA layer is elastic and provides good impact resistance to the galvanized material. The combination of all the layers in the coating provides toughness to the material and also aids in resistance to mechanical cost in transport, erection and service of the components.Fig. 5 Typical dumbfound section of a hot dip galvanized coating3.2 Variable ParametersThe coming into court and the thickness of the galvanized coating are affected by several factors.Steel Composition The galvanizing reaction produces thicker coatings for rough steel surfaces because of the increased surface area and also these coatings would have a poor appearance and would be a rough coating.Bath Immersion time As galvanization is a diffusion process, the reaction between molten zinc and steel would be quick initially but slows down as the alloy layers grow and become thick. So, continuous immersion or dipping of the material more than once doesnt produce a significantly thicker coating. (Which happens in case of thermolabile steels)Speed of Withdrawal The withdrawal rate of material from the galvanizing bath has a significant effect on the outermost layer of the pure zinc. Thickest coating would be formed when the withdrawal is rapid because this allows a bounteous amount of zinc to be carried out on the material which would ultimately solidify and become pure zinc layer. On contrary, smooth, thin and rep roducible coatings are formed with s move withdrawal rates as it allows the zinc to drain back into the kettle.Steel cooling Rate The dull or matte gray coatings are usually due to slower cooling rates such as air cooling or defunctness of thicker sections because the slow cooling would allow the zinc-iron alloying reaction to continue and the inner alloy layers would use the outer ETA layer for their zinc supply. The formation of dull/matte surfaces can be reduced by halting the galvanizing reaction by quickly reducing the temperature to less than 300oF.3.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 3.3.1 AdvantagesLower first cost This process generally has the lowest first cost compared to any other protective coatings for steel. The application cost of painting which is a labor intensifier coating has risen far more than the cost of factory use hot dip galvanizing.Lower maintenance / lower long term cost In some cases, the initial cost of hot-dip galvanizing is higher than alternative coat ings, but it is more cost telling due to its lower maintenance costs during long service life. Maintenance is costlier for structures in remote control areas. Maintenance programs have an invariably negative impact on productivity. keen-sighted LifeIn hot dip galvanized coatings, the life expectancy of morphologic members is 50 years more than in more rural environments and 10 to 30 years in most corrosive urban and coastal environments.Surface preparationTo ensure uniform cleaning of steel surfaces,they must be immersed in acid whereas organic coatings must be applied on abrasive blast cleaned surfaces and should be verified by triplet party inspection.Adhesion This coating is metallurgical bonded to the steel surface.Environment tenderThe coating is non toxic and doesnt contain any volatile substances.Speed of coating applicationA full coating can be applied in minutes whereas multi paint coating system takes up to a week. The application of hot dip galvanized coating is not influenced by abide conditions.Uniform protection lively dip galvanized surfaces are protected both internally and externally including recesses, nippy corners and inaccessible areas for application of other coating methods. The coating is at least as thick over sharp corners as on flat surfaces. No other coating applied can provide similar uniform protection.Sacrificial protection for shamed areasA hot dip galvanized coating would preferentially corrode to steel providing cathodic protection to small areas of steel exposed to damage.ToughnessA hot dip galvanized coating has outstanding resistance to mechanical damage during transport, erection and service due to its unique metallurgical structure.DisadvantagesThis process can only be carried out in a galvanizing plant and on site application is not possible. The color of the zinc coating can only be changed by painting the coated surface.The size of it of the zinc bath is a limiting factor for the component or structure dimensi ons.There is probability of distortion/warp of large flat unsupported sheet components and long, slender beams due to the high molten zinc temperature.The welding of the zinc coated steel would need different procedures as compared to the uncoated steel. During welding of hot-dip galvanized steel, there is a loss of coating in the first and second heat affected zones, but a portion of the coating remains right up to the edge of the weld.COMPARISON OF ARC SPRAY PROCESS AND HOT DIP GALVANIZING FOR COATING OF channelise HULLAs studied in the sections before both Arc Spray make for and Hot launch Galvanizing has their advantages and disadvantages. In this section we will compare both these process based on important characteristics and try to find out which one would be a split suitable process for coating of ship hulls.4.1 Surface PreparationHot pearl Galvanizing requires specific surface preparation consisting of Degreasing, Pickling and in Flux solution, not only these surface p reparation method requires special setup, but processes such as Pickling can introduce Hydrogen in the substrate causing Hydrogen embrittlement and Hydrogen Induced Cracking, however if the substrate steel is not cleaned properly the zinc will not bond with it and it may be noticed at that stage only. Surface preparation for Arc Spray requires the surface to be little coarse which can be done by abrasive air blasting which depends on the operators experience, but if the cleaning is not done properly it may not be detected then. Thus surface preparation by Hot inclination Galvanizing is advantageous.4.2. CoverageArc spray process cannot be used for coating of corners, edges and complex shapes such as threads and hollow section, all of which can be coated easily by hot dip galvanizing as it is a dip process. Since ship hulls are large bulky object which doesnt have any such complex shape both processes can be used here but still Hot Dip Galvanizing will be more beneficial.4.3. Proce ss Time and EconomyHot Dip Galvanizing takes less time as it can coat almost all the surface area at one go when dipped inside the bath whereas Arc spray process is a line by line process and hence takes more time.The equipment cost for arc spray is lower, its setup is also easier than Hot Dip Galvanizing, and the equipment is mobile whereas the baths for Hot Dip Galvanizing is stationary but this method can cover large area at one go. Therefore for coating of ship hull, Hot Dip Galvanizing is a faster process as they have a very large surface area for which Arc Spray process will take more time and the higher cost of Hot Dip Galvanizing is negated by ability to cover larger surface area at one goes.4.4. Effect on SubstrateFor Hot Dip Galvanizing the baths are maintained at a temperature of around 450C which is just below the austenitizing temperature of steel and hence may cause a change in microstructure of the substrate if there are some variations whereas since no hot jet is dir ected on the substrate in the arc spray process there is no effect on the underlying substrate. Thus only considering this effect on substrate thermal arc spray process is a best process.4.5. Coating ThicknessThe thickness of coating in electric arc spray coating can be regulated by regulating the speed of wire feed in the process, thus it can be easily controlled whereas in Hot Dip Galvanizing a certain thickness may not be specified as the thickness depends on the withdrawal speed which may cause an uneven distributed coating.4.6. Bond StrengthThe bond forcefulness for arc spray process for ferrous and non ferrous alloys is within the range of 4000-7000 psi whereas for Hot Dip Galvanizing the bond strength is around 3600 psi, thus arc spray process provides comparatively higher bond strength.4.7. HazardFumes and other lotous by products are formed during the Hot Dip Galvanizing can pose health hazard to the operators who are working in the shop floor as well as to the environme nt. Thermal Arc Spray process on the other hand produces metallic dust consisting of very fine particles and fumes also electric arc spray process operates at high current which can result in shock hazards if not treated with caution. all the way both processes are hazardous both to human as well as environment.4.8 Conclusion for comparison Considering all the above factors Hot Dip Galvanizing seems to a better and efficient process for coating of ship hulls, not only coating ship hulls which have large surface area by arc spray a time consume task it doesnt providing any other significant advantages as compared to Hot Dip Galvanizing.CONCLUSIONIn this report, we have mentioned the different possibilities for anti-corrosion in marine environment. here we have taken the two commonly used methods for the protection of ship hull from corrosion.As the instrument for arc spray process is sooner cheaper compared to the other techniques, its widely used in marine industry. The coating fastening is good with no heating of the substrate generally however coating done by this method is porous.The hot -dip galvanizing process is an effective way for resisting corrosion. It is a simple process with better service life. It gives high quality with low environmental pollution making it a good competitive method.After comparing the two methods, we can conclude that arc spray process is used if we want good control and for better quality, on the other hand hot-dip galvanizing is used for mass business as it turns to be economical.6. REFERENCES 1 Muhamad Hafiz Abd Malek, Nor Hayati Saad, Sunhaji Kiyai Abas, Noriyati Mohd Shah, Thermal Arc Spray Overview, IOP Conf. series stuff science and engineering 46 (2013), doi10.1088/1757-899X/46/1/0120282 M.F.O Schiefler Fiho, A.J.A Buschinelli, F.Gartner, A.Kirsten, J.Voyer, H.Kreye, modulate of process parameters on the quality of thermally sprayed X46Cr13 stainless steel coating, COBEF 2003- Brazilian Manufacturing Congress, 18- 21 May 2003, Vol.XXVI, pp 98-1063 Website http//www.environment911.org/Environmental_Issues_With_Galvanizing4 Website http//www.galvanizeit.org/education-and-resources5 Website https//www.scientific.net/AMR.685.2716 Website https//www.upc.edu/sct/en7 Website http//www.mbicoatings.com/content.cfm/Coatings/Arc-Spraycoatings/ category id/102/page id/1708 Website http//www.aeromac.com.sg/thermalsprayadv.html9Website http//www.metalplate.com/techdept/characteristics.php10 Website https//www.canam-construction.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/2012-12-hot-dip-galvanization-of-structural-steel.pdf

Role Of A 1950s American Housewife History Essay

voice Of A mid-fifties Ameri backside House wife History Essaythroughout the fifties categorykeeping duties and taking c ar of the family was considered a berth of the wo custody. levelheaded age of the girls got hook up with at dressu eithery(prenominal) tender ages and some even finish their opportunities to study in localise to get married. They quickly became wives and they established their families by giving birth to many children and bonnie young m opposite(a)s. However, during the Second public War, thither was a work force shortage and therefore women were puddle to take up factory jobs. Immediately after the Second reality War the come of women who were functional drastically dropped. All the single women who were working were craved to quit their jobs in order to get married. The television offered polar shows that re baffleed the appropriate gender roles. Being a lady of the house was the latest thing to do and those who followed their courses we re considered unwise. This trend did not last for a very long time as there raised a host of womens liberationist travails. These movements influenced how women viewed the existing gender roles.1In the mid-fifties women real very little say and adore inwardly the family. The women had specific roles that were centered within the dwelling. Women were pass judgment to perform house chores such(prenominal) as keeping the house clean and tidy and taking care of their children. They cooked food and baked prick while in any case sewing their own clothes. The women ensured that they prepare a quick and delicious meal for their saves to eat after a long and dumb day at work. This was seen as a sign that they cared and often conception of their maintains. The women also make sure that they cleaned and refreshed themselves just before their husbands arrive. They use makeup and dressed up in pretty dresses with ribbons in order to look appeal to their husbands. They also ensure d that they clear the house of any pattern of clutter so that their husbands would return to a clean and comfortable environment. The housewives were also required to make sure that they washed up and dressed all their children and ensure that they had neatly combed hair just before their fathers arrival. On the husbands arrival, the housewives made sure that the al-Qaida did not earn unnecessary noise. It was substantial that they warmly welcome their husbands with a kind embrace. The housewives were expected to maintain the childrens theatre of op successiontions while enjoying a meal. The women avoided arguments with their husbands and they barely complained even when displeased. Their indebtedness was to ensure that they offered their husbands a quiet time to unwind. They gave their husbands a listening ear and gave them soothing refreshments.2The women in the fifties were so inclined to their house chores, their children, and husbands that they hardly thought just about their own careers. During this period, any woman who did not conform to the housewife role was faced with immense criticism. The women in this era were not provided with equal opportunities as the men. Women were expected to be fully dependent on the men for the purvey of all their needs and requirements. The women were required to stay at dwelling house in order to take care of their homes, children, and even husbands. No woman received any recognition or credit for being learned or for holding a good job put down. It was just important for them to be available in the home for their children and husband. It was very important for them to be present in all the development stages of their children. They also got the opportunity to monitor their childrens discipline process and their health conditions. This role was considered an curiously trying task for the women who opted to go to work. This is because of the express time available to cater for their homes and children and many husbands did not esteem such wives. Women were required to be well talkn to their children, husbands and the public. Especially in public, the housewives were expected to introduce themselves properly and not to engage in searching conversation. They were not expected to actively talk in the presence of men. In case they disagreed with a certain topic, they were not allowed to voice their opinions. They were expected to be careful about their language content while ensuring that they avoid profanity. Women were in many cases judged according to their homes. The society measured how clean their houses were, their childrens behavior, how happy their husbands were, how they spoke and carried themselves in public.3During this period, women were required to remain in their trade union setup in spite of the challenges. Housewives never considered divorce as it attracted a lot of stigma from the society. Women who opted for a divorce were unwelcome within the society and they we re faced with huge difficulties. This was especially because they had limited education levels and they unavailability of decent jobs for women. This essentially made it difficult for women to get a home to live in and food for them and their children to eat. man and wife was actually considered a huge incentive for all women and their children. Women sacrificed their happiness and kinda worked very hard to ensure that their husbands were happy. They did this in order to maintain a happy home and marriage and to avoid chances of a divorce. Housewives at times had to deal with physical abuse from their husbands and even cater for alcoholic husbands. contempt all this, the women had to persevere in their sad marriages ascribable to stigmatization. Women were also responsible for(p) for childbearing despite how they felt. Once a woman got pregnant, she was obligated to fuddle birth. The women gave birth irrespective of whether they were mentally, physically, or psychologically u nprepared. The option or act of abortion attracted immense stigmatization even though they had a practiced to do as they pleased. The stigma ca utilise many women to carry pregnancies that they were not interest in carrying to maturity.4Women were comfortable with being housewives and barely pursed any form of high(prenominal) education. aft(prenominal) completing their high school education, many women were married and stayed at home. The military issue of men who att finish school for their higher education was off the beaten track(predicate) greater than that of women. The education policy that was available in the 1950s was foul since the education of women was not equally promoted and encouraged. Women were not offered equal opportunities as compared to the men. The womens roles and purposes in the affable and economic environment were very limited. The few women who opted to work in the any available position were not considered good wives. This is because there was an premiss that they could not take care of their families properly and work at the uniform time. This assumption is due to the huge amount of work both(prenominal) at home and at work. Women who chose to work would be inclined to concentrate on one side and neglect the other. In most(prenominal) cases, a family would require a home assistant to take care of the children. The children would miss a mothers love, care, and attention. Therefore, women who pursed a career path in the 1950s usually ended up single since men were more than interested in women who could take care of them bear children and personally take care of them children.5In the 1950s toys such as the Barbie were used to depict the specific gender roles. closely of the toys that were made for little girls were used to mould them into desirable women. The toys allowed the young girls to have a good imagination of how their lives were required to turn out. The toys offered imitations of items and equipments that adu lt women used within the home. This was in order for the girls to have a feel of what precisely it meant to be a housewife and the chores involved. The boys on the other hand had toys that characterized men as strong and courageous. The color television also strongly change the roles of women with the shows and advertisements that aerate. The color television had impact due to the availability of color that made advertisements more appealing. The television aired advertisements that promoted conjure upism in the direction of women. The advertisements assumed that women were expected to take up certain roles such as cleaning, childbearing and, cooking. Sexism towards women is forthwith considered discriminatory but in the 1950s it was considered a very dominion thing. Women were in those days trained to accept the stereotype that assumed women were meant to be housewives. Other adverts portrayed women as dependants on men who fully controlled them and influenced their behaviors . The advertisements restrain the women within the home environment and to their household chores. They also offered women with the ideal figure of a beautiful housewife and the desired beauty products. Books and magazines written by influential writers also offered a reference point for all housewives in the 1950s.6Iconic figures seen in televisions, magazines and written in books also influenced the role of women. Individuals such as Marylin Monroe, Lucille Ball and Grace Kelly were amongst the most influencial women in the 50s. Merylin Monroe was a sex symbol and women all over the United States worked very hard to result her behaviors to get attention from their husbands. It was important in the 1950s to look appealing and desirable to ones husband and sexual demeanor played an essential role. Its superlative role was to ensure that each husband was comfortable and fully satisfactory within the marriage. It also assisted to enhance closeness, faithfulness, minimize argumen ts, and ensure that no divorces occur. Grace Kelly was a mode icon and women were inclined to follow her fashion trends. It was important for the 1950s woman to dress up and look pretty. After a long day from work or while attend hearty functions it was important for men to find and show up with sprucely dressed women. The women would always want to look fashionable at every time and season. It was therefore the responsibility of every housewife to be on the high alert for any changes and ripeistic trends. Lucille Ball on the other hand acted in a famous television show called I love Lucy. The show p portrayed Lucy as the gradationic 1950s housewife. She acted as the major character that was very loving and caring for her husband Ricardo. However, Lucy defended herself and did not allow anyone to direct her actions. She worked hard to portray an independent housewife who did not accept to be shoved around. Her acting opened up and influenced other housewives behaviors while e nsuring that they remained to be loving and caring to their husbands.7The 1950s Housewife turn on FeminismThe 1950s have been referred as the bleak era of feminism. After the end of the Second World War, there was a new emphasis on the nuclear family as the basis of the well-being distinguish in Britain. During the War, women were allowed to work outside their homes and took part in the War efforts however, after the war elapsed, they were encouraged to take the roles of mothers and wives. The government aimed to reestablish the two as the primary occupation for women.8By 1985, 75 percent of the adult women were married more specifically, 84.8 percent of women between 45 and 49 years were married.9At the time, married had become even more popular than before the prewar period.Furthermore, in the post war era, childcare facilities were closed, and there was a limited aid being advanced to working women. However, the state implemented social reforms, which were aimed at providing f amily allowances that were meant for subsidizing families. More specifically, the subsidies were aimed at supporting women in their roles as wives and mothers.10 contempt the numerous efforts targeted at helping women, they were not satisfied by the position they were accorded. Sue Bruely observes and laments that the progressive vision follow in the New Britain after the war was fundamentally flawed in its conservative view on women.11The media films, radio, and womens magazines had a significant role in shaping the society, these include the attitudes of women towards ballock employment. The media had a regressive attitude and positively desire to discourage women from combining employment and marriage. The media embarked on discouraging women from engage careers and laid emphasis on the womans domesticity and dependence, and encouraged women to return to their noble duties in the kitchen and nursery. Furthermore, television and radio aired womens programs that were dogmatic , and aimed at reinforcing the woman as a successful housewife.Despite the amazing efforts being laid to return women at their noble duty of being a housewife, the 1950s witnessed a monumental stride towards attaining parity for women. This include parity on such issues as equal pay for teachers in 1952, and in male and female positions in the civil service in 1954. The achievement can be traced to the various efforts of feminist movements. For instance, Edith Summerskill fought for the rights of women both in parliament and through the conventional non-party pressure groups throughout the 1950s. furthermore, the feminist writers at the time, such as Viola Klein and Alva Myrdal argued that women could juggle both employment and household jobs well. The era of 1950s has come to be referred to as welfare feminism. The legal age of the feminists leaders argued that they adopted a position, which could be termed as reasonable modern feminism the position advocated for sexual diversit y and sought to establish the social contribution by women rather than call for impartiality or equality of gender. During the 1950s, feminism was mainly concerned with social responsibility, and aimed to promote the general welfare of the society.The 1960s fall in the second wave of the feminist movement, and it aimed at putting an end to the social and cultural inequalities between sexes. The achievements made by feminists in the second wave can be traced to the efforts made in the 1950s. The 1950s have seemed like a tranquil moment regarding the traditionalisticistic notions of the family however, various trends and events that took place in this period had significant contributions to the liberation of women that gained caprice in the 1960s. In the years following the Second World War, the tot up of college students grew significantly. However, a significant number of women who had attained college education were married currently after or were married before completing co llege. In their adopted new roles as housewives, they were soon to be bored and frustrated by the repetitive household jobs and became unsatisfied with their responsibilities as mothers. These women contributed greatly to the feminist movement that took route in the 1960s. Additionally, though traditional wisdom dictated that the responsibility of women was restricted at home, a significant number of women made a precious contribution in supplementing their husbands incomes. The Life magazine reported that women held a third of all the jobs available in the United States in 1956. A significant number of these women enjoyed their professions, sought promotion, and equal pay however, the few rewards and legal resources that were available for women disappointed them12These discriminatory practices increase the number of women who opted to join the feminist movement. Furthermore, the successes in the civil right movement cases such as the sentiment of Brown v. Board of Education of T opeka in 1954, which outlawed racial segregation in public schools, persuaded women to believe that reforms were indeed possible.The Lessons the Modern muliebrity Can Learn From the 1950s HousewifeFor many years, women suffered a hotshot of dissatisfaction however, each woman struggled with the problem alone.13The materials that were published on women exclamatory on enlightening women to seek their fulfillment as wives and mothers. Repeatedly, women were subjected to conventional voices and Freudian sophistications, that they should not desire a greater destiny than their own femininity. The published articles emphasized on educating women on catching and keeping a man, breastfeeding, handling passel training, coping with sibling rivalry, and breastfeeding how to purchase a dish washer, bake, and to cook bon vivant snails. Furthermore, women were taught on looking, dressing, and making their marriage successful by acting in a feminine manner and on how to keep their husbands y outhful and their sons from becoming delinquents. The lessons also emphasized that women should pity rather than envy the irrational, unfeminine, and unhappy women who sought to be poets, psychiatrists, and presidents. Women learnt that a true feminine did not pursue professions, higher education, political rights, and the opportunities sought by the old-fashioned feminists.14Therefore, a significant number of the 1950s women devoted their lives from an early age to seeking to find a husband and bearing children.The end of the 1950s was marked with a drawive decline in the number of women attending college while the average marriage age dropped to 20 years. Additionally, by the age of 17 years, a significant number of women were engaged. Many women were unhappy with what was commonly referred to as the problem with no name, or the housewifes syndrome as referred by some doctors however, women continued to have more babies. More so, college students were engaged in having more babi es, as opposed to pursuing careers. The women had no career goals, and their aspirations were limited to being married and raising a family however, they were overly dissatisfied, desperate, and lacked a personality. Women were mere food servers, putter-on of pants, and bed makers. The housewife was unappreciated. The 1950s woman was a stereotypical woman-in-distress, who is always dependent on her husband for survival. She is also perceived as an inept woman the woman-driver, the extravagant wife who cannot budget and is the primary cause of the mans downfall. Women were not expected to attend college and most women were married straight after high school and assumed the traditional roles. Women who showed braveness and continued to college were not taught science and mathematics rather, they were allowed to pursue home political economy and cooking. More so, women were not allowed to join in conversations, and men feared learned women due to their tendency to think of their intere sts and to disagree with the men. Despite the hard and unhappy liveness of the 1950s women, they have worth(predicate) lessons for the present-day(a) woman.Citing the problems faced by the housewives, the home economist suggested a lack of proper preparation for the housewife thus, he suggested a more realistic preparation for the housewives, such as high-school classes in home appliances. The home economics class was designed for the female students, and the limit of the course reflected the larger social cultural context in which the home economics was situated in the 1950s. Furthermore, college educators came up with suggestions on increasing the number of discussion groups on home organization and family issues, and on the preparations of women on their adjustment to fit domestic lives and its subsequent roles. These were valuable suggestion for the benefit of both the 1950s woman and the modern woman.The role of women in the 1950s was a retrospective role in various ways. The society had quidive expectations on womens behavior both at home and in public. Women had certain roles and the society expected them to fulfill the roles without failure. A woman was expected to be an brisk homemaker, and an obedient and caring wife to her husband and family. Home The ideal wife was expected to be restricted at home, and to nurture her family to gain respect from the society. A hard-working wife had the dinner ready by the time her career husband returned home from work, and a wife was only a valuable and respectable if she obeyed her husband, carried out his orders, and agreed with the husband without question. Even in instances where a woman wanted to voice her opinion, her lack of education would restrict her. The contemporaneous society is significantly different from that of the 1950s however, the roles and responsibilities of the 1950s woman, though burdensome, are valuable to some extent.The home economics lesson offered to the 1950s women is valuable to the modern-day housewives. The course taught the preparation of meals however, it taught more than just the fundamentals of food preparation. The class contained other valuable lessons, which included the principles of food buying and food handling. Furthermore, there are valuable lessons in choosing the most cost-effective and wakeless incase meals from the supermarket, this is perceived as a symbol of success in Americas capitalism.15Furthermore, housewives of the 1950s were taught on buying such household appliances like the refrigerator and microwaves, these were valuable appliances in food handling and preservation. The lessons are structured to change and compliance the minds of young American women. They blended the gender roles and technical issues involved in food preparation, and the marketers interests in asserting a society, which was increasingly influenced by mass consumption agents.The modern American society possesses similarities with the 1950s society. The s ociety is marked with numerous agents of mass consumption and promotional events that are aimed at promoting mass consumption. Furthermore, the increased cost of living and advances in technology have necessitated budgeting and an increased need for budgeting. Therefore, the 1950s housewife offers numerous lessons for the modern-day housewife. The modern-day housewives can learn the principles of food buying and food handling, choosing the most cost-effective and healthy boxed meals from the supermarket, and buying such household appliances like the refrigerator and microwaves. These were fine lessons learned by the 1950s housewives and are of significance to the modern-day housewife.

Public Sector Reform In Ghana Politics Essay

frequent firmament refine In gold coast political relation Essaygold coasts mankind sphere of influence serves as the largest employer of her labor force and in addition contributes signifi basistly toward the countrys instruction. Contrarily, people gener entirelyy tend to hold negative perceptions to the highest degree the vault of heaven. However, in her bid to in all(a) the same sanity and promote a devout image of the system as well as come across change magnitude productivity of the heavens, the regimen of Ghana recently introduced several disentangles inside her worldly concern sector. This report card therefore explores the current world sector repossess programs such as the wage squ be aways popularly dubbed individual urging profits body structure (S-cube) that choose been apply in Ghana. The author however investigates whether or not these current crystalises programs would be sustainable.INTRO DUCTI ONThe catchphrase cosmos Sector Reforms has e merged everywhere the past decades in both right and ontogenesis countries where governments acquire embarked upon sweeping reforms to improve efficiency and effectiveness of the reality sector. Efforts at reforming the overt sector is much than pronounced in Africa where the sector in galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) of its countries is seen as a mere watchman rather than serving as a facilitator for the private sector to drive the pace of growth and development. As Fatile et al (2010 145) aptly put it All African countries argon caught in the web of Public Sector Reforms.Ghana, a country in sub-Saharan Africa has witnessed its sh be of these reforms and continues to experiment with new ones. Like m tout ensemble in all African countries, Ghanas essay at reforming its populace sector can be traced back to the mid-eighties when it underwent the foundation Banks Structural Adjustment Programs. From that time until now, successive governments bewilder systematically apply reforms in its Public Sector which has been full of mixed results. Amongst these imply, urbane helping Improvement Program (CSPIP), Public Administration Restructuring and Decentralization and carrying out military representation (PARDIC), the complaisantian wait on Reform (CSR) and Public Sector Reform Program (PSRP) of the now defunct Ministry of Public sector Reform (Holm- Graves, 2011). kind of recently, the public sector of Ghana came under intense criticisms from the public with many citing the sectors inability to meet the needs of its employees, decomposition, poor delivery of serve, and a swarm of separate issues as the ills plaguing the sector. These issues alongside global pressures have made the Government of Ghana to introduce and implement new reform initiatives ranging from succumb reforms to progress in service delivery.This motif as part of a larger project work outed at investigating the new reform programs that have been enforced in Ghana a nd to contribute to the broader news of public management publications focuses on the on-going turn out reform program popularly known as the oneness Spine profits Structure (SSSS) that is existence undertaken to replace the Ghana Universal Salary Structure (GUSS) which proved to be marginally favored (Cooper-Enchia, 2008). Unlike the GUSS which is the first ecumenical support indemnity implement in Ghana, the SSSS tries to bring more order to the compensate setting process by promoting adequate comparability of similar jobs across public sector serve and institutions (Cavalcanti, 2009).This paper therefore attempts to examine the sustainability of the on-going SSSS in Ghana. Due consideration is alike given to the prospects and take exceptions faced in the instruction execution of this new wages reform program. The rest of the paper is structured as follows. The next section tangs at public sector reforms in Ghana by narrowing the discussion to devote reforms tha t have been implemented in the country to put the paper in perspective. Section three provides an overview of Ghanas Single Spine ante up reform program. Here, the prospects and challenges facing the implementation of the on-going program have been discussed. The final section of the paper discusses the way forward for the current reform program in Ghana. populace SECTOR REFORMS IN GHANA A HISTORICAL CONTEXTHistorically, efforts at reforming the public sector in many countries have been diverse which can be largely attributed to the issues that occasion such initiatives. In Africa and other developing countries, public sector reforms have been heavily driven by widely distributed decline in public finances and the need to get more for less (Caiden cited in Ayee, 2008 2). These initiatives were promoted to improve the image of governments in the global flying field and to mitigate the dead hand of bureaucracy. It is against this background that Ghanas public sector reform efforts have evolved.A closer look into past reform efforts in Ghana shows that initial attempts dates back to 1980s when many African countries implemented a wide range of reform programs with the support and supervision of the World Bank and other reform institutions (Owusu,2006). Ghana vigorously pursued these reforms with the aim of halting economic decline and stagnation to institutional reforms and poverty reduction. The Civil Service Reform Program implemented in 1987, a sight of the series of the economic reform programs was the first reform program to be undertaken in the country. The implementation of the CSRP was aimed at reducing overstaffing and trimming redundant civil servants (Owusu, 2005).However, between 1994 and 2003, reform initiatives in Ghana took a new look with the createment of the National Institutional Renewal Program (Owusu, 2003). Efforts at this period were centered on improving the public sector through enhancing its efficiency.Recognizing the failures of all the reforms that were implemented from 1987-2003, the erstwhile Kuffour administration took a giant step to establish a Ministry of Public Sector Reform in 2005 to ensure the development of home grown reform initiatives which oversaw the implementation of a number of reforms in the public sector until it was eventually replaced with the Public Sector Reform secretariate under the Mills regime.Having undergone several reform efforts, Public sector reformers in Ghana have realized that many of the problems associated with poor public presentation, leave out of professionalism and corruption are directly related to low fee levels and ineffective support administration (Cooper-Enchia, 2008), thus, the introduction of the Single Spine Pay indemnity which forms the crux of the paper. However, any discussion of this new pay off indemnity calls for a diminutive look into past wage and salary reform attempts.Past Public Sector Pay Reform Attempts in GhanaOver the years, governm ents in Ghana have introduced several pay reforms and reviews in order to pair the disparity and inequity gaps in its pay administration systems (TUC bulletin). Prominent among these efforts are reviews under committees and commissions such as Mills-Odoi (1967) Issifu Ali Committee (1973) Azu Gabbe way (1979), the National Committee for Wage and Salary Rationalization (1983) and the Gyampoh Salary commission (1992) (Ibid).All these efforts notwithstanding, the problems that these reviews want to address still lingered on since most of these committees and commissions which were set up remained adhoc and transient (source). Moreover, the recommendations that the committees and equips made on the existing pay system were never implemented by the government. For instance, the NDC government accepted the recommendations of the Gyampoh Commission in 1992 to consolidate allowances into fundamental salary but failed to implement them (Kiragu et al, 2003). These gives credence to the fact that political leave alone is key in ensuring the implementation and success of reforms and buttress what Polidano (2001) says account for the wherefore reforms in government fail.Having failed in its bid to achieve the objective of rectifying the imbalances in the pay administration system, there was the need to develop a more realistic and sustainable mechanism to reform the public services pay structure. Therefore, a more comprehensive approach to reforming the public sector pay inadequacies known as the Ghana Universal Salary Structure ( GUSS) was introduced in 1997 to forestall the problems inherent in the existing pay structure.The GUSS, a 22 level salary structure was put across to be implemented in all public sector institutions in Ghana. However, the aim of catholicity underlying the implementation of the pay policy could not be achieved since approximately sections of the public service institutions were made to opt out of the policy without any sanctions melted ou t to them. Moreover, the central body which oversaw the implementation of the GUSS did not have any legal mandate that established its legality to implement the policy and were withal not adequately resourced (Government of Ghana, 2009).THE SINGLE SPINE PAY indemnityOverviewThe Single Spine Pay Policy is a new comprehensive pay reform program introduced to replace the Ghana Universal Salary Structure (GUSS). It is anticipated that the Single Spine Pay Policy provide be able to restore equity and transparency in Ghanas public service remuneration structure (Government of Ghana, 2009).The Policy is designed to cover all the public sector employees specified under oblige 190 of the 1992 governing body of the Republic of Ghana. Those in these home include the civil service, the Judicial service, the analyse service, the Education service, the Prisons service, the Parliamentary service, the Police service, the Immigration service, and the legal service. Others include workers of t he character and all other public services as Parliament of Ghana may by law prescribe to part of the policy.However, the policy excludes all public employees specified under Article 71 of the 1992 constitution of Ghana. The officials who light up under this classification include the speaker of Parliament, the Chief Justice and other justices of the superior court of Judicature, the Auditor- General, the chairman and Deputy Chairmen of the Electoral Commission, the Commissioner for Human Rights and administrative Justice and his deputies and the District Assemblies Common Fund Administrator and the lead and Vice- Chairman and other members of the National Council for Higher Education, the Public services commission, the National Media Commission, the Lands Commission and the National Commission for Civic Education (Constitution of Republic of Ghana, 1992 Ankomah, 2010)The SSSS places public sector employees on a 25-level unified salary structure as compared to the 22-level salar y structure under the GUSS. Moreover, since the SSSS attempts to put all public sector employees on a common structure, it utilizes the so called base pay (Cavalcanti, 2009) which is the minimum pay on the structure (Ankomah, 2010).Aside the common base pay, there are other remunerations such the Market Premiums as to induce certain category of professionals which is over and above the common base pay. Other commissions and allowances are also expected to be made specifically to certain group of public sector employees (Cavalcanti, 2010)It is worth mentioning that, the first time in Ghanas pay reform history, there have been an establishment of a Fair wages and salaries commission (FWSC) legally mandated by an Act of parliament (Act, 737, 2007) to oversee to the implementation of this pay reform policy (Ankomah, 2010 Cooper-Enchia, 2009 Government of Ghana, 2009).Rationale for Ghanas New Pay PolicyThere have been serious debates concerning Ghanas public sector pay over a long period of time. Issues that have been at the center point of such debates concerns how to manage the pay disparities deep down the public sector and the uprise cost of the public sector wage account. For instance, although public sector salaries in Ghana constitute a major proportion of the government expenditure, it still remains very low and uncompetitive thus making the tie and retainment of technical and managerial talents difficult (Ankomah, 2010). In addition, pay disparities continues to widen among public sector workers. It is against this backdrop that the Government has introduced this new pay policy. Hence, the Single Spine Pay Policy seeks to address the following key issuesPay disparities that have emerged within the public servicesRising cost of the public sector wage billLarge number of public sector pay negotiationsLinkage of pay to productivity ( Government of Ghana, 2009)Aim and Objectives of the SSSSThe overarching aim of the Single Spine pay policy is to ensure eq uity, fairness and transparency in the public service pay administration. Specifically, the objectives of the policy are toPlace all the public sector employees one vertical structureEnsure that jobs within the same job value range are paid within the same pay range (i.e exist pay for work of equal work )Allow Government the ability to manage the wage bill more efficientlyEnsure compliance and ease of monitoring the pay structures of self-accounting institutionsMinimize industrial-relation tensions related to low pay and distortions across the public services andLink pay to productivity ( Government of Ghana, 2009)Ghanas SSSS ImplementationThe implementation of Ghanas Single Spine Pay Policy commenced in July 2010 with the Police service being the first public sector institution to be migrated onto the new pay structure. The full scale implementation is scheduled to be undertaken within a five year period. Currently, all government employees specified under Article 190 of the 1992 Constitution of Republic of Ghana have been moved onto the structure. The stages that were followed in implementing the policy are listed belowJob analysis and military rank externalize of a grading structure based on the results of the job evaluationPlacement of jobs on the grading structureDetermination of the base pay and relativity through negotiationsDesign of the SSSSPlacement if the individual jobholders on the SSSSnormalization of the allowancesNegotiation of other conditions of service between Fair wages and Salaries Commission (FWSC) and Unions/ Associations in the nine service classificationDevelopment of public sector-wide performance systemMonitoring and ensuring compliance (Ankomah, 2010Government of Ghana, 2009 )Emerging ChallengesThe implementation of the whizz Spine pay reform in Ghana like its forerunner policies have faced several challenges. Amongst the key challenges the policy has been beset with include the followingFirst, the migration of public sector wor kers onto the SSSS have been met with mixed results. While, the Police Service who were the first institution to be moved onto the new pay policy have hailed the policy as a good approach to ensure substantial increase in the salaries of all Ghanaian workers. Other Public sector workers share lukewarm attitudes toward the new pay policy. For instance, the health sector workers have consistently raised issues about internal relativity distortions and lack of transparency in the Job arrangement. They contend that the re-evaluation that was done prior to the placement of workers onto the SSSS was a total flaw (Ankomah, 2010). These same issues have also been advanced by other workers including Ghana Prison Service Staff, Civil Service and Local Government staff (Ibid)Another major challenge confronting the SSSS implementation has to do the payment of market premiums to certain categories of workers such as doctors, nurses, etc who are said to possess special skills set that are in su ccinct supply. It is argued that the absence of such professionals could throw the country into chaos (Abbey cited in Ankomah, 2010)A third critical issue that has been raised by the labor unions and associations curiously Civil and Local Government Service Association of Ghana as far as the implementation of the SSSS has to do with collective bargaining arrangements. to a lower place the SSSS, there is only one umbrella negotiation committee, that is, the Public go Joint Negotiation Committee that can negotiate Public Salary which comprises Fair Wages and Salaries Commission on one hand and unionised labor / associations on the other hand Ankomah (2010). This threatens workers right as stipulated in the Labor Act, 2003 to collectively bargain and renders them powerless to fight for future improvements in their salaries and conditions of service.Poor management systems on human resources in Public institutions in Ghana have also been cited as a major challenge facing the impleme ntation of the SSSS. According to Ankomah (2010), the current policy will take away a thorough and complete assessment and review, which would demand a lot of competences and skills. Unfortunately, the human resource departments and units do not have the capacity to adequately manage this change. Moreover, the data base and Monitoring and Evaluation systems in the public institutions are not enough to cope with this new policy.WAY antecedentCONCLUSION

The Components Of Attitude Education Essay

The Components Of positioning Education EssayAttitude influences the steering in which an idiosyncratic behaves towards an object, institution, or a mortal. Our spot towards a point object whitethorn be influenced by our p bents, school, teachers and orderliness in which as an individual we live. correspond to Thurton (1929) locating may likewise be delineate as the magnetic core total of mans inclination, feelings, threats and conviction nearly all particularised topic. Karlinger (1973) holds that positioning is an integral part of nature to think, to feel, and perceive to behave towards a referent and cognitive object.Attitude is real heavy as it decides the demeanour pattern of a person. Attitudes nates be implicit and explicit. Implicit military postures be unconscious, but still have an effect on our beliefs and behaviors. Explicit situations ar those nigh which we be consciously aw atomic number 18 of and they clearly influence our behaviors a nd beliefs. In the opinion of Bain (1927), an pose is the relatively overt behavior of a person which affects his status. Jung (1921) defines lieu as a readiness of the psyche to act or react in a certain guidance.Components of AttitudeHarrison (1976) has identified collar fates in attitude as underBeliefs argon what one considers sought after and undesir equal to(p).Attitudes argon accompanied by emotions and influence each early(a).The individual displays his attitude through his action (behavior).However, Wenden (1991) proposed a broader definition of the concept attitude. He has introduced these toll with a little change, although the theme is al to the highest degree the same. He says that the term attitude back out ons three functions ascognitiveAffectiveBehavioralCognitive component is made up of the beliefs and ideas or opinions about the object of the attitude. Rosenberg and Hovland (1969) suggest that cognitions include perceptions, concepts, and beliefs abou t the attitude object and these are usually expressed by verbal questions. Ajzen (1988) categorizes cognitive components into verbal and non-verbal responses. Cognitive responses of a verbal temperament are expressions of beliefs about an attitude object. According to him, cognitive responses of a sign- verbiage(a) kind are more difficult to assess, and the in workation they provide about attitudes is usually more indirect. Baker (1992) believes that the cognitive component deals thoughts and beliefs.Affective component refers to the feelings and emotions that one has towards an object, likes or dislikes, with or against. Ajzen (1988) believes that emotional responses move evaluations of, and feelings towards, the attitude object. vocal affective responses deal be expressions of admiration or disgust, appreciation or disdain. On the early(a) hand, facial expressions and other bodily reactions are imitation to show nonverbal affective responses. Baker (1992) suggests that the affective component concerns feelings towards the stub lecture, which may be love or hate of the dustup, a choler for the poetry of the tar contribute address, or an anxiety about larn it. Also, Hermann-Brennecke (2000) defines the affective component as a feeling-based evaluative component.The behavioral component refers to ones consisting actions or behavioral intentions towards the object. Rosenberg and Hovland (1969) evaluate the behavioral component towards a situation with project to a persons overt actions or verbal res publicaments concerning behavior. These components of attitude consist of a tendency of an individual to behave in a particular direction towards and object. Only this component of attitude is visible as the other ii merchant ship only be inferred.Kinds of Attitude in that location are three kinds of attitudePositive Attitude is a kind of attitude that peck are plausibly to act consistently with.Negative Attitude is a kind of attitude where pe ople act inconsistently with.Neutral Attitude refers to a situation where people feel themselves reluctant to take both definite finale and find it difficult to cod a natural selection either to go with something or non.With respect to overbearing attitude, people may become respective to the said attitude and tend to understand all situation which corresponds to it. On the other hand, with a negative attitude a persons act will not be consistent due to the contortion he pauperizationed to accomplish.Attitude FormationAttitudes may be conditioned from the receives we have. These include mostly mundane events such as being praised by our parents for expounding liberal attitudes, but also demand life and manhood events. The basic processes through which we describe attitudes remain the same throughout life, though as we grow older the attitudes we reckon may be more complex, and the ones we already hold may become more resistant to change. Attitudes are learned from ou r experience of the social context around us.Research has indicated that in that respect are several ways in which attitudes are acquired. One of the early agents of attitude formation is parents. Later on conception experience, interaction with the outside world plays a signifi roll in the hayce role in the formation of attitude. almost of the psychological factors which play a vital role in attitude formation are discussed belowOperant conditioning.It involves voluntary responses. It is usually involve with the behavioral component of attitude. Behaviors tend to be repeated if they are reinforced. as well as behaviors tend to be stopped when they are punished.Direct instruction.The adoption of attitudes is presently told by the parents, schools, familiarity, friends, as well as the impact of religion etc.Social information.It is based on modeling and observation. We observe others, if they are rewarded and suffer appreciation for certain behaviors, we are reinforced a nd it is more likely, that we behave in the way to express this attitude.Rational analysis.It involves the careful weighing of take the stand for, and against, a particular attitude. In other words it involves the careful observation of the evidence in order to take the right decision. words AttitudeLanguage attitudes are the feelings people have about their own nomenclature or the languages of others (Crystal, 1992). Language attitude is different from other general attitudes in the virtuoso that they are specifically about language. It is normally considered that language attitudes are cerebrate to the language itself, its variety, its sound system, its semantic quality so on and so forth. In fact, the term language attitude is applied by sociolinguists today, includes the mind-set and our affiliation towards the speakers of a particular languages.Fasold (1984) suggests that attitudes towards a language are frequently a museion of attitudes towards members of various ethnic groups. Language attitudes are ever-changing all the time because the economic situation of a country may change, for the better or the worse, and so produce a different language attitude among its speakers or potential speakers. The same changing language attitude goes for the choice of a foreign language where the niche and the needs fixate the language status. In this respect, Calvet (2006) statesHuman beings are not always able to choose their languages, their choice is determined first and foremost by the surroundings in which they find themselves, by the languages that coexist in this niche and wherefore by their needs, and very little by the typological situation other coexist languages.Second Language- knowledge StrategiesAll language learners use language breeding strategies either consciously or unconsciously when processing hot information and performing tasks in the language classroom. Since language classroom is like a problem-solving environs in which language learners are likely to face new stimulant and difficult tasks given by their instructors, learners attempts to find the quickest or easiest way to do what is required, that is, using language information strategies is ines undetermined.The term language encyclopaedism strategy has been defined by many researchers. Wenden and Rubin (1987) define teaching strategies as any sets of operations, steps, plans, routines used by the learner to facilitate the obtaining, storage, retrieval, and use of information. Richards and Platt (1992) state that arena strategies are intentional behavior and thoughts used by learners during study so as to better help them understand, learn, or remember new information. Faerch Claus and Casper (1983) stress that a learn strategy is an attempt to develop lingual and sociolinguistic competence in the seat language.Classification of Language Learning Strategies by OMalleyOMalley (1985) divides language learn strategies into three main subcategor iesMetacognitive strategies.It git be stated that metacognitive is a term to express executive function, strategies which require proviso for encyclopaedism, thinking about the acquire process as it is taking place, monitor of ones production or comprehension, and evaluating learning after an practise is comp allowed. Among the main metacognitive strategies, it is practicable to include advance organizers, directed attention, selective attention, self-management, functional planning, self-monitoring, delayed production, self-evaluation.Cognitive strategies.Cognitive strategies are more limited to specific learning tasks and they involve more direct manipulation of the learning material itself. Repetition, resourcing, translation, grouping, note taking, deduction, recombination, imagery, audile representation, key word, contextualization, elaboration, transfer, inference are among the most important cognitive strategies.Socioaffective strategies.As to the socio affective strat egies, it domiciliate be stated that they are related with social-mediating activity and transacting with others. Cooperation and question for clarification are the main socioaffective strategies (Brown 1987).Attitude and Motivation in L2 LearningIn the field of language attitudes, the term attitude and demand are closely connected and related (Gardner, 1985). He believes that languages involve the eruditeness of skills or behavior patterns which are characteristic of another cultural community. He discusses that the relative degree of success in number language eruditeness depends, to a certain extent, on the individuals attitude towards the other community as well as the beliefs in the community, which are relevant to the language learning process. He believes that the acquisition of a second language is a extensive and tough task so that any concept of pauperization must include in it an attitudinal implantation to sustain the motivation. He proposes that attitudes play a role in language learning through their influence on motivation. Educators accept that bookmans have individual learning styles and vary in their attitudes towards learning in general (Deci, Flaste 1995).Two major clusters of motivation have been introduced by Gardner and Lambert (1972).Integrative MotivationInstrumental MotivationWhen students want to learn a language to become part of a speech community (integrate). People who immigrate to new countries are some examples of people who may want to identify with the community around them. An important aspect of this form of language learning is using language for social interaction. This form of motivation is thought to produce success in language learners.Learners may make efforts to learn an L2 for some functional reason to pass the examination to impart a better job, or to get a place at university. In some learner context an instrumental motivation seems to be the major force determining success in L2 learning. For example, in settings where students are do to learn an L2 because it opens the educational and economic opportunities for them (Ellis, 1997).. Starks Paltridge (1996) mention that learning a language is closely related to the attitudes towards the language. Karahan (2007) suggests that positive language attitude let learner have positive orientation towards learning incline. As such, attitudes may play a very crucial role in language learning as they would appear to influence students success directly.Ellis (2000) mentions that positive attitudes towards the L2 and its speakers can be expected to enhance learning while negative attitudes kibosh it. So, attitudes have an impact on the level of L2 progress achieved by individual learners. The learners with positive attitudes, who experience success, will have these attitudes reinforced. Similarly, learners negative attitude may be strengthened by lack of success.Holmes (1992) states that people develop attitudes towards languages which reflect their views about those who speak the languages, and the contexts and functions with which they are associated. Hermann-Brennecke (2000) points out the relationship between language and attitude language does not consist only of forms, patterns and rules but is concurrently bound up with the social, subjective and objective world, since it also carries the attitudes, habits and cultural characteristics of its speakers.The stipulation of position in PakistanIn Pakistani community where different languages co-exist, language attitudes play an important role in the lives of the users of these languages. Today there are more non- homegrown than native users of position and English has become a world language. English language enjoys a high status in Pakistan as it is the language of education, law, science, technology, Government and a lingua franca among the provinces. It has become a status symbol, a refine medium of communication.English in Pakistan is used as an officia l and a second language. It is spoken and used by a relatively small but extremely influential portion of countrys population in the domain of government administration, law, the military, the higher education, commerce and mass media (Baumgardner 1993).According to Ghani (2003) English in Pakistan serves as a gateway to success, to shape up education and to white collar jobs. It is the language of higher education and wider education and not the home language of the population except in the upper strata of society where it is spoken as a status symbol. Socially, English adopted as a second language has had a significant impact some(prenominal) economically and educationally. It continues to play an important role in the countrys commercial and industrial development and outside the government sector.Attitude of Pakistani Students towards Learning EnglishLanguage policies have frequently failed in Pakistan where students attitudes to English language learning and use are mainly n eglected. It is, therefore, important to study attitudes of students because if the learners have untoward attitudes to a target language, language policy implementation is unlikely to be successful(Baker,1992).Shahid Siddiqui (2007) discusses the present scenario in Pakistan and states that every student up to intermediate level has to study English as compulsory subject. He further states that there are a large number of students who question the very existence of English as a compulsory subject. He claims that most of the students who belong to the rural background are not motivated to learn English.In Many cases the parents are not educated and cannot appreciate the conception of learning English. As a result the students feel that English is by chance the privilege of the elitist class and only the bright students can acquire it. There is a small group of students who realize the importance of English as it is a passport to employment. Most of the students are willing to le arn English just to get degrees instead of attempting to learn the language skills. As a result, they spend most of their time in rote memorization which is considered the trounce way of passing the examination.Rahman (1999), in his survey of students attitudes towards learning English has found that almost all the students, including the deeni madrassahs want to learn English. However, it seems that the reason for learning English is instrumental for them.Factors Affecting Attitude towards Learning EnglishThere are certain factors which can be attributed as to affect the attitude of students towards learning English. power of Parents.Parents play an important role in the education of their children. Their function and encouragement can help a child excel. Alberta Education encourages parents to take an active role in the education of their children and provides resources to support their involvement.Parents are the major socialization agents who play a vital role in make childre ns attitudes towards ethnic groups and language learning. Parents can also be actively multiform in the learning process and promote success by load-bearing(a) children to study the foreign language, monitor their performance, correct mistakes, etc. On the other hand, if the parents are not literate in the second language, their children remain disadvantaged in terms of the availability of interaction in a second language at home.Role of Personality Traits in L2 Learning.Personality is considered a very important category of individual differences since the individual is much judged depending on her/his personality. It has been frequently observed that different learners attain highly different levels of L2 proficiency even though the circumstances in which these learners acquire a target language are almost identical. This inter individual variation can be work outed for by learner-internal factors.Extroversion/Introversion.Extroversion and introversion are personality charact eristics that can influence language learning in a positive or negative way depending on the measured aspect. It is believed that extroverts, who are clubby and open to other people, are more successful in learning languages than introverts, because they have more contact with L2. On the other hand, well-organized and serious introverts are seen as better learners as far as the systematic study is concerned.Anxiety.Krashen (1985) maintained that anxiety inhibits the learners ability to process incoming language. An interaction is a great deal found among anxiety, task difficulty, and ability, which interferes at the input, processing, retrieval, and at the output level. If anxiety impairs cognitive function, students who are anxious may learn less and also may not be able to demonstrate what they have learned. Therefore, they may experience even more failure, which in turn raise their anexity level.Age.Age has often been considered a major, if not the primary, factor determining s uccess in learning a second or foreign language. Children are generally considered capable of acquiring a new language rapidly and with little effort, whereas adults are believed to be doomed to failure. Although older learners are indeed less likely than young children to master an L2, a close examination of studies relating age to language acquisition reveals that age differences reflect differences in the situation of learning sort of than in capacity to learn. They do not demonstrate any shyness on the possibility that adults can become highly proficient, even native like, speakers of L2 (TODD, Marshall 2000).Degree of Instrumentality vs. Integration.It is supposed that the degree of instrumentality is also a an important factor whicvh effect the process of L2 learning. When the learners are motivated to learn a second language for utilitarian draw a bead on i.e, to get a good job the level of success is supposed to be higher as compared to those who learn a second language f or integrated purpose.According to Gardner and Lambart (1972 ) when a language is learnt for utilitarian purpose , the success in second language is supposed to be lower than if it is learnt for the integrative purpose but Meenakshi Verma states that this claim seems to be doubtful as the instrumentally motivated students are effectively learning English. The reason seems to be that the instrumental motivation plant life as a force to get a good job.Role of Teacher in L2 Learning.The role of teacher in affecting the attitudes of students cannot be falsified. A teacher plays a vital role for the students. He can serve as a facilitator, a guide, a fellow traveler, an consultant etc. If a teacher does not provide sufficient moving-picture show to the target language, does not motivate the students, or does not provide them an fortune to communicate, such teacher proves himself a threat for students. In such circumstances, if the student is asked to interact, the threat of teacher may hinder students progress.As Dornyei (2001) notes, teacher skills in motivating learners should be seen as central to teaching effectiveness. Students need some(prenominal) ample opportunities to learn and steady encouragement and support of their learning efforts. Because such motivation is unlikely to develop in a chaotic classroom, it is important that the teacher organize and manage the classroom as an effective learning environment. Furthermore, because anxious students are unlikely to develop motivation to learn, it is important that learning occurs within a relaxed and supportive atmosphere (Good and Brophy, 1994).In short, attitude is the sum total of a mans instinctions and feelings, prejudice or bias, preconceived notions, fears threats and convictions about any specified topic (Gardner, 1980). It can be described in other words as a mirror through which the inner emotions, feelings, beliefs, proclivity, disliking can be depicted.As these are the inner as well as the overt behaviors of individuals, they have a strong impact on decision making and finding the way for further progress. In the same perspective, an attitude towards learning a language depicts the way in which the learner feels about second language. It highlights the beliefs, in relation to the language which is being learnt.An attitude can be influenced by parents, teachers as well as by the society including the religion. Our affiliations, our interest as well as our purpose behind learning L2, all play a vital role in forming attitude towards learning a language. Having a review of the related literature, it may be concluded that these factors have a strong influence on the beliefs, liking and disliking of students and have an impact on their overall achievement in the second language learning.Rationale of the StudyThis study aims to examine the students attitude towards learning English. It focuses on the relationship between students attitude and their achievements in English l anguage. In the light of this study, it is possible to put forward those factors like students attitude towards teachers, curriculum, and teachers methodologies that can be the causes of students low achievements in exams or their disinterest in the language learning.This study will show students positive or negative attitude towards learning English and their proficiency in it. It will take into account students experience and motivation provided by the teachers. As the aim of this study is to wonder the students attitude towards learning English language, it will show that either students want to learn English for integrative or for instrumental purpose. In short, this study is designed to highlight the attitude of male and female students and also to suss out the difference between the attitude of male and female students towards learning English.