A Study of the Predictors of Persistence in Stalking Situations Essay

A Study of the Predictors of Persistence in Stalking Situations - Es conjecture ExampleThe writings review builds up the idea that entrust lead to meddling for the importance of finding which stalkers are more likely to provide important information regarding how clinicians magnate encompass with perpetrators and victims. In other words, the literature review establishes the idea that will link still hunt to the creation or formulation of violence in the long run. Aside from the idea of understanding its psychological implications and other relevant-linked ideas, stalking has been viewed a very important concept that calls for more meaningful understanding because of its associated perceived violence. In general, the literature review is therefore establishing the point that will allow the readers to understand the prevailing ideas or research studies that might help them link stalking to the actual creation of violence. In other words, it is much convenient to say that the lit erature review tries to collect the relevant point of views that might pave the representation for showcasing the actual enigma statement of the study. The research studys problem statement is about finding an estimate that will lead to knowing which stalkers are likely to persist longest as this is important to clinicians dealing with two perpetrators and victims. ... Stalking as already stated is associated with violence. This means that understanding things concerning stalking is just a way of being acquainted more to things about its perceived violence. Not everyone who stalks might be harmful or will result to emancipate violence at some point. That is why it is necessary to understand the characteristics of stalkers and their way that might be associated with increased persistence. Increased persistence might be viewed to have significant crosstie with violence. For this reason, there is a point of conducting this research study as distant as knowing what in conclusion will lead to violence in the context of stalking is concerned. Violence has been a long-standing problem in the society and a great area of concern within the criminal justness system. The criminal justice system is always trying to improve or find some powerful means in order to deal this matter effectively. Stalking together with the characteristics of the stalkers is another important issue for consideration, as far as enhancing the justice system remains as a certain goal that requires more effective scientific approach at some certain point. Qualitative selective information were generated from the target respondents who were patients with stalking offense. These data were acquired based on the authors evaluation and therefore will eventually be categorized under the train of subjective judgment. The data were collected from 180 out of the 200 stalkers in the sample. The referral information and police plow as collateral information was gathered from the discs of the targe t respondents. Psychological tests and evaluations were further initiated among the respondents in order to record probable manifestations of mental disorder, and other relevant

Preliminary investigation report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Preliminary investigation report - Essay ExampleThe go withs target commercialises let in local clients as well clients from foreign countries.The companys mission is to be able to offer innovative, web-based software products for land and water imagery managers requiring efficient information access for operational, tactical and strategic planning.In more specific terms, the companys long-term objectives include t he following points. Within 5 years, the companys hope to earn $10 million in gross revenues, gravel an annual profit of 30% after tax, increase forest industry commercialize share by 15% annually in BC and Western US, penetrate one in the raw vertical foodstuff per year, be able to maintain the growth rate of in the vertical market by adding one project or client on an annual basis, and break into the international market by snagging a minimum of international projects per year in Asia.Several concerns and opportunities were mentioned. The first-class honours degr ee is to kick in the company as a household name when it comes to land management software. The company also hopes to establish itself as a big brand name in providing consultancy services, training, and customization in the said field.In order to establish itself as a market leader in the local scen... In order to establish itself as a market leader in the local scene, one should have a lot of guests. To bloodline in more sales, the company should be visible to authorization clients locally as well as abroad. With this end in mind, the company is keen on putting up their own website. This pull up stakes coiffe not only as a information center to current and potential clients but will bring in more sales what with the ease of availing products online and within the comforts of ones home. The company, being global in scale has recently felt that the market is too large to maintain strong relationships with all potential buyers. The company has been used to utilizing direct mail to attract new clients. However, this method does not ensure that the brochures and ad material are reaching the decision makers of the target companies. The current advertisement setup uses mail-outs to special groups which have been selected based on predefined criteria. These are sent out every 2-3 months. Instead of doing this, focus on the discern persons for such companies, send them emails and find out how they will be able to use the software, and if possible, set up presentation meetings over lunch or dinner. This way, with a clear void to fill, the goal is more cerebrate and a strategy to present the product in the best way possible to the potential customer can be formulated. Also, contingency plans can be setup in case the client rejects the first approach. Moreover, if the correspondences would prove that the prospect is a dead end, it should send the signal that its time to move on to opposite prospects, thus saving time. To determine the contents for a website, t he researcher should be familiar with the operations of the company. in advance the interview sessions, the

Future Trends in Health Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Future Trends in Health - Assignment ExampleThe major argona of affaire is the increased cost in wellness care and the advances made in information technology. Cost of health care is core in determining health education procedures because health care costs continues to escalate, all the same it has been more slowly all over the years which compels their prices up. Younger and healthier people are prone to cipher higher premiums because of the benefit mandates and other requirements under the health care laws. Increased individual premiums among many employees are a common phenomenon.Due to increased health rates and healthcare costs, quality assurance is pickings central roles in the transformation of good health. For this reason heath information technology (HIT) has taken over to try and cut down the healthcare spending and in the long run increase efficiency, gum elastic and quality of medical care delivery. This has greatly influence the health care education and the entire empyrean as whole. The major roles that IT has played in transforming healthcare education are healthcare delivery and in general how government registration supports the widespread of better and satisfactory medical services among its

Management Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management Psychology - Essay ExampleConvents. Institutions to mob care of diseased and mentally retarded persons.Culture refers to a system of shared meaning held by members that distinguishes the nation or organization from the rest. The main function of culture is to create a distinction amidst nations and organizations. Culture conveys a sense of identity for organization members. Culture facilitates the generation of commitment to something larger than ones individual self interest. Culture also enhances the stability of the social system. Culture id the social glue that helps the organization held in concert by appropriate standards for what employees should say and do.In the articles, Goffman addresses the details of a total institution with reference to mentally retarded persons, prisons etc. There are a lot of problems in the system of total institution. most of the major cultural mistakes includeWhen one wants to variety an aspect of the culture of an organization one has to reserve in consideration that this is a long term project. Corporate culture is something that is very hard to trade and employees need time to get used to the new way of organizing. For companies with a very strong and particular culture it will be even harder to change. The following stages can be used to bring the changeChanges in culture can lead to tensions between organizational and individual interests, which can result in ethical and legal problems for practitioners. This is particularly relevant for changes in employee integrity, control, equitable treatment and job security. These are the dissimilar

Management of change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management of deviate - Essay instanceIf the organizations fail to accomplish the two objectives they are often considered as corporate dinosaurs because they no longer control to the current business environment (Ashkenas, 1999). In erect to make the organizations lurch- dependent there are some authoritative strategies that should be implemented. They are as follows Determining the type of Change Perhaps the most difficult designate that the organization of necessity to get involved in is to determine the type of change that it needs to accept. Precisely, in order to design the change-capable strategic issues it is worth to distinguish between two types of changes evolutionary Change and Transformational Change. Evolutionary change refers to the constant adjustments, product alterations and enhancements that an organizations need to make as per demanded by the customers. Transformational change refers to the dramatic change in the organizations core competencies. For Example Nokia becoming a wood supplier though having their expertise in telecommunications. With the advancements in technologies, organizations have to be capable of changing their core competencies. The best focusing to think of the need for a change capability is that at least most organizations should be capable of adapting an evolutionary change. But in some circumstances, the need for a transformational change could be vital and then it is important to take the necessary steps to prepare the organization accordingly. For this, financial processes should be planned chthonic which funds would be offered to individuals, structures which include some special new ventures that have experienced a major change in past and the rewards system should be acquired under which rewards will be offered to those that contri scarcelyed in a transformational change within an organization. What Aspects Should Be Kept Stable? In order to adapt a change it is very important to analyze what particular aspects should be kept stable and what aspects should be allowed to change rapidly. This could surely be a significant facilitator of change. It is partially determined by the type of change that the organization needs to make. Many aspects can be kept stable in case of an evolutionary change but it would be a completely different scenario while adapting to a transformational change. In the case of a transformational change, stability refers to the commitment towards a certain goal, way of communication with the individuals and moreover rewarding and appreciating them for their respective contributions. As aforementioned, more than more can be kept stable in case of a continuous evolutionary change. For example, the Human Resources systems and the basic organizational culture can remain constant. Some of the key processes can in any case be kept stable such as communication with the staff and the measurement of the business success. dealing with Internal Competition Internal a nd external competition can be significant in order to encourage a change. It is quite obvious that the organizations main focus would be to thin on its external competition. Competing against your external rivals would certainly be very supportive and helpful but resolution the issues of the internal competition is also very necessary. It is very important for an organization to maximize the focus and deliver the goods proper emphasis on internal competitors as well

Monetary Control Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Monetary Control - Coursework ExampleIt is very interesting to note that a bank losings money when a loan is repaid. The currency is destroyed and disappears from the economy entirely.Open marketplace vocation operations atomic number 18 one of the primary tools that the Federal Reserve employs to accomplish its monetary policy objectives (Axilrod, n.d.). They entail the acquiring and change of government securities. The Federal Reserve has no power to choose whom it engages in business activities. The primary dealers absorb on a price basis to gain access to the overspread market operations. Open Market Operations facilitate the Federal Reserve to influence the supply the reserve balances in the banking system. The effect is on short-term interest rates to spread to other monetary policy targets (Axilrod, n.d.). Open Market Operations allow central banks the flexibility to manage the volume of financial operations on their initiative. The domestic trading desk of the Federal Bank of New York under the supervision of the Federal Open Market Committee conducts open market transactions (Axilrod, n.d.). The federal funds rate does respond to changes in demand for and supply of the militia in the banking system. It, therefore, shows a good sign of the existence of credit in an

UK Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

UK measureation - Essay Example(Macleary, 199117). The UK Tax system is based upon a combination of both these forms of revenue enhancement and a compromise between them, with individuals organism valuateed progressively higher, in accordance with their income level. Tax incentives ar provided to encourage savings by providing relief from taxation for such amounts. Earnings arising from gifts or winnings from gambling may be exempt from tax, capital gains are taxable, although it may not fall specifically under the category of income tax. (Macleary, 1991 22). Tax exemption is provided on a personal allowance, usually about 5000 pounds a year.The application of progressive tax rates indicates that different tax rates apply for different income bands, with higher tax percentages being applied to higher income bands. Such a tax system is justified on the basis of fairness, and because it provides a buffer for the poor to be saved from indirect taxation, promoting social cohesion by using taxes collected from the rich for health, educational and other programs to public assistance of the poor.(Ruane, 1999).However, it is also argued that progressive tax is unfair because it is akin to a form of double taxation, because those who earn much income already pay a greater share of tax even on a shopworn rate (Ruane, 1999). This method of taxation results in maximum revenues coming from a small segment of the executive director population, hence in a recession, there is a real danger of a sudden reduce in taxes collected. The higher income bracket of talented individuals may also be tempted to migrate to other countries where tax rates are more conducive, thus creating a brain drain. There is also a greater tendency to evade the payment of taxes when the rates are too high and the Government in the foresightful run, ends up with a reduced amount collected from taxes because the tendency to double taxation is resented by individuals, who show to escape it thro ugh various means.This is the

Capitalism is a force for social progress. Discuss. (Use listed Essay

Capitalism is a force for kind progress. Discuss. (Use listed sources only) - Essay eventSocial progress refers to improvement of the societies economic, sociable, and political structures. This can happen because of human action through social activism or as a social enterprise or as a natural separate of the sociocultural evolution. Improvement in the living standards, industrialization, technological advancements be among the components of social progress.Developed countries have father richer as the years go by. Unfortunately, the social progress, which has always been the objective of social thinkers since 19th and 20th century, has eluded. The social bargain that the employees and the members of their families enjoyed the prosperity through their commitment to economic growth at mid-century has not been maintained. In America, for instance, the earn 5% gain over 21% of the household income, while the bottom 5 received down the stairs 4% between them. In Britain, the diff erence between the rich and the poor has been greater since 19th century. The shopping mall class families with the dream of achieving a stable career option have been directly affected by job insecurity. Similarly, the price of failure has been on the rising trend. Since 1970, the high school graduands are the first to run into low standard of living that the welfare provision for the unemployed have been stripped away. If the prospects of property are not brought by economic growth, the material pathway to human happiness rings hollow in the uncertainty face. There is only a smaller proportion of the society that can insulate themselves from the riskiness that affects other members of the society. This is not similar to majority of individual that operate within the middle wage bracket. The stem stands to earn more so that they can cushion themselves from the increasing trend of survival cost.According to Friedrich Hegel, the strengths that strengthen the great nations in

Management issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Management issue - Essay ExampleManagement in the contemporary business gentlemans gentleman is increasingly encountering the inevitable need to respond to change like never before, especially because sudden shifts in the world-wide business environment such as globalization and scientific advancements often demand so (Mastenbroek, 1996). The rapid explosion of know conductge and information systems has instigated the massive growth of companionable media, and mobile changeability, which are remarkable phenomenon that have revolutionized the way of doing business in the modern world to salient expanses, thus, creating the need for change, and change focusing accordingly. Furthermore, the increased ease of access to information through the internet has led to unprecedented challenges such as the excessive scrutiny from stockholders and the media, thus, businesses world over must always blockage on the alert because they are wary of prying ears and eyes that might sabotage thei r operations repayable to bad publicity. Business executives all over the world are under pressure from the left, right, and centre, and have to research ways of adapting to the pervasive changes that surround their organizations for them to continue operating profitably and sustainably as well. In this regard, change management is a central focus in global organizations today (Beekman, Chenhall & Euske, 2007), especially because the capacity to manage and adapt to change is the single most significant approach to surviving competition in the highly labyrinthine and dynamic business environment today. Change Management As already indicated before, organizations all over the world are facing a great threat of extinction cod to the rapidly changing and contend global business environment and have to adopt some rapid structural and operational changes promptly to ensure both their continued existence and profitability. The ability to respond to the rapid changes that are occurrin g in the global business environment quickly and successfully is a potential source of competitive advantages that cushions organizations from stiff extremity in the business markets, especially because they are able to leverage on new opportunities that present themselves due to change. However, in ability to respond to changes effectively and fast enough makes organizations to fall behind in legal injury of business trends, thereby falling out of trade too, due to both logistical and technical challenges that cannot be resolved in the absence of adaptability. Every organization today is focusing on strategies that will transcend to high performance and industry competitiveness, thereby ensuring profitability and survival of business management is facing the sterling(prenominal) challenge ever, of managing the organizational change process effectively towards achieving the desired future state. Both internal and away forces often motivate organizational change (Stewart & Kring as, 2003) however, external forces exert a considerably profound relate on organizations than the internal pressures when charting the way forward or the organization

Knowledge Intensive Firms and Knowledge Workers Research Paper

Knowledge Intensive Firms and Knowledge Workers - Research Paper ExampleSouthern government agency continues to rule opportunities to implement its strategy of creating value done its numerous transactions such(prenominal) as asset achievement and selling, establishment of novel power plants, entrance into Power Plants Associations mostly with other investor-owned utilities, municipalities, independent power producers, and galvanizing cooperatives (Google Finance, 2015, p. 1). In Southern Cos operations, FERC plays the crucial role of providing the operation regulations instead of following traditionally defined state regulations like any other traditional operating society. Though operating as one large company, the Southern Company operates under several leveraged leases such as Southern LINC radio set that offers digital wireless communications for Southern Co.s uses.For purposes of this paper, the evaluation Southern Company is limited to companys proactive approach to pre paring for disaster recovery. For a long time, Hurricane Katrina has been known for its numerous complex challenges such as 100% disadvantage of power for customers, 65% of power delivery system damages, 97% evil of power generation capacity, approximately 9,000 damaged or damaged power poles, transformer damages, 100% dilapidated incorporated offices, and more than half of the residents suffering noteworthy damages for their homes (Ward, 2006, pp. 7-13). Other challenges experienced during the Katrina hurricane are communication loss and devastation infrastructure. Through its investment and prioritization of knowledge base management, Southern Co. effectively planned on eliminating the challenges associated with the Katrina Hurricane through approaches such as a reduction in the time duration required to restore power to its customers, provision of family services, assisting employees with personal losses, and daily provision of thousands of fuel gallons daily.

The doctrine of Christ and Holy Spirit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The doctrine of christ and Holy Spirit - Essay spokespersonthroughout his explanation, he desires to reintroduce the ideologies that attempted to rationalize the principles of scripture and depict why they fell discharge the mark. His publications seeks to instruct the essentials of Christs time and purpose on demesne. He brings forth wisdom as thoroughly as understanding by dismantling the dogmas into rudimentary form. Core issues One of the key fundamental issues that consider Christendom its grandiose power and influence is the doctrinal divine mystery of Christ. Grudem illuminated that essential aspect maven must know is that he was fully God and man. He addresses the cynics and teaches believers that the being of Christ had to fully unembellished in both entities to be our atonement for our sins. The Holy Spirit will come upon you and the power of the close to High will overshadow you therefore the child to be born will be called holy, the male child of God. (Luke 1 35 cf. 3 23) The Holy Spirit overshadowing Mary, m early(a) of Jesus, is didactic of illustrating that salvation mickle only come from God without the aid of human effort -other than utilizing Mary as human vessel. Furthermore, Grudem particularize out to promulgate that Christ is the fusion of God and man without pilot program sin. Christs holiness seems to bedazzle galore(postnominal) sceptics as to Jesus sinlessness. Many wonder how can Jesus be sinless if his mother was a descending(prenominal) of the sinful Adam. The dogmas of Catholicism assert that Mary was also without sin and transferred that characteristic via womb to Jesus. Grudem, however, extirpates that assertion and instructs that the northward of God and man prevented Jesus from sinning. (Pg. 538) Grudem hypothetically raised the question of the... Purpose of Book His purpose end-to-end this book, especially through this section (The Doctrine of Christ and Holy Spirit) is instruct and explain the fundamental dog mas of Christianity. Throughout his explanation, he desires to reintroduce the ideologies that attempted to rationalize the principles of scripture and depict why they fell off the mark. His writings seeks to instruct the essentials of Christs time and purpose on earth. He brings forth wisdom as well as understanding by dismantling the dogmas into rudimentary form.Grudem also illuminated the relevancy of Jesus ministry on earth through several points. Not only was he the atonement of sin but also a laymens example of walking in the Christian faith, a mediator between God and men, the fulfilment of Gods original purpose on earth, and a sympathetic high priest that can understand the struggles of man. Ultimately, Grudem claims, based on scripture, the Jesus was both fully God and fully man. After making that claim, he attempts to discredit other variations of the duality of Christ. Apollinarianism was a teaching deemed a heresy because it fell short of matching the description of Chri st engendered in the bible. Apollinaris, who became bishop in Laodicea, France, taught that the entity of Christ was a mixture of flesh and spirit.

The Influence of Media on Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Influence of Media on Learning - Essay ExampleIn the near future, Robert Kozma (1994) was saying, telephone, stemma television, and digital computer technologies will merge (Stix, 1993). There is then the prospect of an interactive video purportedly integrated with large multimedia databases to be distributed to people in various settings all over the world. With this resolve will probably come the threat of educational cognitive processes becoming quite expensive, complex, and made beyond the do of most people. This is because Kozma doesnt present much defense on the significance of these changes.If we do not soon ascertain the relationship between media and learning-if we beget not forgedsuch a relationship, this technology may be used in the main for interactive soap operas and online purchases of merchandise. Its educational uses may be driven primarily by benevolent icon moguls who design edutainment products whose contribution to learning may be minimal.There is m uch sense in the warnings and the theoretical situation that Kozma (1994) gave. But much of his despair with the use of media may be caused by lack of strain on dialogue. A discussion on the theory of transactional distance (Moore, 1997) would be in order here. With all of these media, something has to bridge the gap between teacher and learner. Only then will media and its sophistication have every meaning (Moore, 1997).Any communication system devoid of feedback is deficient, as is the lack of interaction with the use of media in teaching. Kozma (1994) does not underscore this but only in the light of mentioning the delivery-truck model of transforming tuition. In teaching, it is the same as that of the derided hypodermic model (Smith, 1997) or of the banking system of education (ARRC, 2002) where the teacher deposits information and withdraws them back again through with(predicate) quizzes. There is very little learning then and throughout it all, the student may not have lea rned anything beyond memory work, where information stored can only evaporate after the quiz.True, learning is a process by which the learner strategically manages for sale resources to create new knowledge by interacting with information and integrating it with information stored in memory (Richey, 1989). This is why media cannot get all of the credit for the learning of the student, who fluid has to interact intelligently if he has to learn. On this regard, I would agree with critic, Richard Clark (1983).Kozma (1994) quoted that learning with media is a complementary process within which representations are constructed and procedures performed, sometimes by the learner and sometimes by the medium. Studies are needed in this aspect to determine which are those performed by the learner and which are those by the medium. This aspect is emphasized because the courtship presented may be likened to childrens toys. While the objective is for the child to know how to manipulate things, discover how it could perform for his of necessity and interests, and where something is lacking, the child himself is supposed to be challenged to think of how the thing lacking is produced. Apparently, the situation has changed to the detriment of the childs thinking because of available technology.A

Internet Filtration Software Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Internet Filtration Software - Essay sheathIt was basically designed against the online porn companies, it also counteract the tactics of aggressive website. There are many another(prenominal) internet software choices available I choose two which I think are crush and the most popular.The overall rating is full and it is one of the oldest and the trusted filtering software in the market. It has a ContentWatch pooled slashing Contextual Analysis, remote administration, an innovative, user-friendly interface.The filtration capability is not as good as illuminate nanny-goat but it is also trusted by many people worldwide. It gives the facility to check your computer use of goods and services from any other computer. Thats why its easier. It also controls the personal information from going out unlike Net Nanny, it monitors chats, pop-up blocking and also shows history reports. It squirt also work with every browser and windows version rundown Mac3.CIPA stands for ChildrensInte rnetProtectionAct it is especially designed for the safeguard of children against obnoxious or unsafe material on theInternet. CIPA amendments direct schools and libraries to wealthy person Internet safety and a technology-based method of blocking access to anything which is harmful for the child4.AUP (acceptable usage policy) are rules apply by websites owner, but there are million of websites which do not follow these like wikipedia or all sorts of blogs. So in that case COPPA jumps in and make it all these things work as it can control these websites.Our school has many things under control like messengers, wikipedia, and every porn website. Even though COPPA is for under 13 it applied to us aswell.Question 5 COPPA The Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) is a law created to protect theprivacyof children under 135. COPPA have much tighter rules and laws as compare to that of CIPA as COPPA also controls the spendthrift use of wikipedia and blogs. REFERENCES- COPPA. 2 008. CRM sources. Retrieved on thirteenth November 2008. http//searchcrm.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid11_gci1262738,00.html- Guide to Effective Searching of the Internet. May 1998. Search Tutorial. Retrieved on thirteenth November 2008. http//www.psychologia.uj.edu.pl/wolski/Metodologia/Teksty/Isrch.PDF- Net Nanny Parental Control 5.6. 2008.Top Reviews. Retrieved on 13th November 2008. http//internet-filter-review.toptenreviews.com/netnanny-review.html- Safe Eyes. 2008. Top Reviews. Retrieved on 13th November 2008. http//internet-filter-review.toptenreviews.com/safe-eyes-review.html- What is CIPA. 2008. Internet.com. Retrieved on 13t

Sheet Pile Design Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sheet Pile Design - Coursework ExampleThe latter is caused by nation pressures hit the limiting state on both side of a considered retaining structure, which thereafter moves towards the excavated area until the full-zone failure is reached. As movement lowlife occur on the bottom part of the groyne, the analysis of the structure will be taken as a spare body. Thus there will be modified free earth clog method (The free earth support revised method) and fixed earth support method. It is worth mentioning that both methods have assumed that active stress condition have been fully authentic behind the retaining wall while the passive stress is right in front of the structure. This will depart for calculation using coulomb or Boussinesq theories that consider the actual stress distribution. 1. Modified free earth support method of analysis According to Clayton et al (1993, pp213-214), this method often gives the most economical flesh for retaining walls. For structure such as ca ntilever wall, the soil at the lower part of the pile should be strong enough to resist overturning bits. As shown in the above figure, the passive zone should be comme il faut in order to prevent lateral deflection and whirling at the lower end of the wall. However, the primary(prenominal) principle behind the modified free earth support method of analysis is the assumption that the embedment of the wall is allowed to move and this will be to a certain distance under the action of the applied lateral earth pressure this will cause the occurrence of negative bending moments at the considered location. This ends in a statically determinate structure, only stable under certain conditions. Therefore, if a cantilever wall is to be designed based on this analysis, only the external passive and active forces will be considered. For the fact that the originator will not be sufficient to cancel out the latter, in case of large and uplifted retaining structures no equilibrium will be meet. This will be because no fixity has been assumed at the bottom of the pile, as a consequence the structure will be under mechanism. When the structure has a height great than 3m, this will not be the ideal design as the negative moment at the bottom of the file will increase with respect to height (increase of the active stress). As a consequence, to achieve equilibrium, strut or anchor must be added in the design. The addition will primed(p) at the top of the structure, as shown in the picture below, to cancel out the negative moment at the base. Hence, the number of anchor will be directly proportional to the height of the wall. (Delattre, 2001,p3) When anchor or get is added, the bending moment diagram of the wall will be as shown in the picture below. It can be seen that when moment is created by the anchorage at the top, at the bottom of the pile, the negative moment has been sour out this will be only if both are equal or the former is greater than the overturning mo ment. As a consequence equilibrium has been satisfied a moment created by the tie is fit by the active earth pressure above it. Lancellotta (1995, pp305) explained the failure mechanism envisaged in this case involves a rotation about the anchor. Here, the rotation of moment at C (shown in the above picture) will enable for calculating the depth by which the pile has to be embedded to satisfy equilibrium against rotation in other words, the shear strength of the soil is mobilised with respect to the depth of embedment. The equilibrium of horizontal exposition gives then the force of the anchor as a high anchorage force will result in movement of the pile

INDIVIDUAL SOLUTION OF AN ALLOCATED SCENARIO-BIG BROTHER BART Essay

INDIVIDUAL SOLUTION OF AN ALLOCATED SCENARIO-BIG BROTHER BART - Essay ExampleThe case brings by the work of Bart and also brings into light the softw atomic number 18 used by him to keep a arrest on the employee systems to ensure that the software is works fine. Bart uses this software to keep track of people who overhear issues with new software and he uses this log in to simply keep an eye on the working conditions of the software. Barts manager requests him to use this software to keep track of two specific employees who are under the suspicion of trading in drugs using the office computers. Bart is faced with an ethical plight here and is unsure of whether it is a good idea to keep a halt on an employees computer for this reason. In this case the question is to analyse whether it is ethical for Bart to keep a tab on the employee systems or not and to analyse the theories that relate to these. The two chosen theories here are Utilitarianism and Deontology. The followers sect ion provides a brief overview of these theories and helps set the base for analysis of the case.Utilitarianism and Kantian Deontology share one affair in common, i.e. they are both aimed to provide solutions to moral dilemmas. Utilitarianism is more of morality of justice and it focuses more on maximising the utility or ensuring that most numbers of persons are satisfied and happy with the result that is taken up (Tavani, 2004 234 - 244). This is relatively much better than the Kantian Deontology or any other deontology approach as this takes into consideration the importance of satisfying people and tries to build a foundation with complete justice (Rachels, 1998 226 - 240). here(predicate) in the case of Utilitarianism, the main aim is to ensure that all parties involved are benefiting from the decision do and there is a high level of success for a number of people in the case. This method acting (utilitarianism) takes everybody to be equal and it looks for a solution which is for the benefit of more number of people (Held, 2006

War on Terrorism and the Effect on Muslim Americans Essay Example for Free

War on Terrorism and the Effect on Islamic Americans EssayThe American direct war on act of terrorist act has brought legion(predicate) concerns among human rights activists across the globe. This is because the war has been perceived as a tool for victimizing and discriminating individuals of the Muslim religion and solid groundality. such have been closely attributed to the fact that the American nation blames Al-Qaeda and separate Muslim terrorist bases of responsibility in many terror attacks in the instauration.Due to this reason, members of the Muslim American community be living in constant fear of variety, racial profiling and harassment by law enforcement since the folk 11th 2001 terrorist attacks on the Twin Towers (Elaasar 93). In addition, increased publicity of organized crime group committed to the Islamic religion being involved in act of terrorist act has evident discriminative attitude of Muslim Americans by opposite members of the society.This attitude is worsened by the provisions of the Patriotic Act of 2001 giving the giving medication more power to identify and mitigate terrorism, closely of which diverge the constitutional provisions on civilian rights in America (Elaasar 93). This has denied Muslim Americans their rights to freedom of movement, privacy and free association. Despite the fact that the American political sympathies owes its citizens a duty to security against the disastrous social and economic effects of terrorism, such should not be taken as an excuse for victimizing members of the community simply referable to their religion and nationality of origin.This paper identifies and discusses the effects brought by the war on terrorism to members of the Muslim American community. War on terrorism War on terrorism is a concerted effort by nations led by the United States to identify and exceed members of organized crime groups which be go afterd in executing terrorist activities across the globe (S ides and Gross). Although terrorism has for ample been a major threat to security in countries particularly the US, the new struggle to combat was triggered by the bloody terrorist attack of the New York-based introduction Trade place on September 11th 2001. trustworthy from available literature, the war on terrorism involves almost all aspects of sustainable social, security, political, and economic development strategies (Sides and Gross). Such are evident from the American led invasion in both Iraq and Afghanistan which witnessed the overthrowing of leaderships purported to promoting terrorist activities. On the other hand, numerous intelligence efforts have been engaged by respective law enforcement agents across the globe to identify terrorist group cycles and eliminate them.This also serves in enhancing the process of detecting, possible terrorism threats, target, and time of a planed attack to fit adequate preparedness of the force in preventing and responding to such inc idences. In addition, corporation among organisations on the fight against terrorism has been on the increase. This has been closely attributed to the fact that terrorism threats are increasingly spreading to unexpected regions. As an tension to this claim, numerous attacks have been perpetuated by terrorists groups against their own members.Available information affaireing terrorist activities to Muslims claim of declaration of western cultivation as the number one enemy to the Muslim community by Osama led Al-Qaeda terrorist group. thus, the numerous reported incidences of terrorist attacks in Muslim dominated nations is an indicator of the changing approach of terrorist, thus making every nation potentially vulnerable to terrorist attacks (Sides and Gross). On the other hand, the war on terrorism has taken a new approach as terrorist groups shifts attacks to cyber terrorism.This is one of the mainly purpose of the 2001 Patriotic Act which concedes for increased government su rveillance over the internet to help identify terror suspects executing crime activities online. The war on terrorism also covers the economic dimensions of the groups across the global society (Maira, and Jamal 12). Just to appreciate is the fact that executing a terrorist attack is highly involving financially. On the other side, available information from intelligence agencies has established that most individuals engaged in implementing terrorist attacks are funded by sponsors of terrorist groups.This has the implication that mitigating free flow of financial support to terrorism group serves an instrumental role in compromising their capacity to threaten security in the security. It is due to this reason why the American government has put in place checks and balances for qualifying the authenticity of transferring large amount of gold to individual (s) across the border. In addition, criminal activities like money laundering are perceived as a potential factor to the success of terrorist groups in the globe.Moreover, reports from the FBI has indicated a close link between organized crime groups in the nation and potential collaboration with terrorist groups to execute terrorists attacks in the US (Maira, and Jamal 27). This report claims that currently the American nation has an estimated over 31,000 organized crime groups spread across its numerous states. It is due to this reason why the American government is strongly involving its resource on the war on drug cartels and other violent organized crime groups. ?Effects of War on Terrorism on Muslim Americans The war on terrorism has many negative implications on the social and economic sustainability of the Muslim American community members. True to the letter, it is no doubt clear that terrorism activities in the western world are closely associated with members of Islamic religion or nationality of origin (Elaasar 20). This can be evident from historic claims which shown a longstanding conflict betw een Christianity and its western civilization and the Arabic world civilization.This is further manifold by the fact that all major terrorist attacks which have occurred in the world run across claims of perpetuation by Islamic oriented terrorist groups. Muslim Americans have become victims of denied constitutional rights following the intensification of the war on terrorism since late 2001. According to available information, law enforcement agents have been granted legal authority to conduct raving mad search and seizure on based on reasonable suspicion under the anti-terrorist war curriculum (Malkin 67).It is worthy noting that due to racial profiling by the law enforcement, most victims of terrorism suspicion are from the Islamic community. This has the indication that the war on terrorism has compromised the ability of the Muslim American community members to approve their constitutional rights to privacy and warranted search and seizure (Al-Marayati). In addition, the exi sting laws on terrorism find a lot contradiction to the provisions of the due process clause of the constitution. Unlike suspects of other crimes who enjoy their right to a legal counsel as well as speedy trail, victims of terrorism suspicion do not.Anti-terrorism laws allow for the putting terrorists suspects in custody for long period before taking them to court (Pew Research midsection 35). In addition, the laws allows for deporting of terrorism suspect without giving them opportunity for a court trail. All these contradictions of the constitutional rights against the defendants of terrorism are inhuman, a factor which significantly affect the Muslim Americans for being the main victims of terrorist suspects in the nation. another(prenominal) effect of the war on terrorism on Muslim Americans is increased social stigmatization and discrimination in the local community.Terrorism threats remain one of the most feared security threats among citizens of the United States. On the ot her hand, the population has been overwhelmed by the claim that Muslims are the major perpetuators of these dangerous activities. Due to this perception Muslim Americans find limited appreciation by other members in the social and economic fronts of the community (Pew Research Center 49). Such are no doubt a negation of their constitutional right to equal opportunity in the US. This can also be seen as a source of violence and hatred against this minority group. almost opponents of the war on terrorism claim of its effects in compromising commitment of the Muslim believer to effectively practice their religion. The enforcement of anti-terrorism laws in American has limited the ability of the Muslim Americans to engage in kindly works a crucial religious requirement in the Islamic faith. According to the laws, transferring large sums of money to other nations by Muslims should involve verification from the law enforcement (Shah). Still, these members find much government resistance to engage in organized group contributions to help fellow Muslims in poor nations.It is worth noting that the threat pose on Muslim Americans by the war on terrorism is to be blamed for the reluctance by some members to fully commit to the faith to avoid harassment. Muslim Americans before/after 9/11 vs. Japanese Americans after WWI The relationship between the western and the Middle East has never been without conflict. However, such were not evidently affecting the social and economic aspects of Muslim American until the September 11th 2001 terrorist attacks in the US (Maira, and Jamal 26).This was due to the perception brought to the local against the Islamic community given the damage that was caused by the attack. On the other hand, the engagement of the government in intensive efforts to combat terrorism across the global is also to be blamed for worsening the lives of Muslim Americans (Menchik, and Payam). It is worthy appreciating that the war on terrorism has so far exce pt identified members of Islamic community as the cause of threat to the community.Indeed, this relationship current problem face Muslim Americans can be related to that of Japanese Americans during the WWI. According to historical information, Japan was perceived as a major enemy of the United States following their attack of an American submarine in the lie in wait harbor (Arat 67). The information indicates that this attack was the driving force to Americas entering into the Second World War. Such enmity is no doubt evident from the later use of atomic bombs against the Japanese nation by the Americans during the WWII.Conclusion It has been established that the war on terrorism has negatively affected the Muslim American community. This is because it has led to the formulation and enforcement of laws which are discriminative to suspected or perceived members of terrorist groups. In addition, these laws have led to racial profiling and encouraged arrest of individual based of th e principles of guilty by association. All these contradict the fundamental constitutional and universal human rights of terrorist suspects most of who are Muslims.

The Los Angeles Basin Pollution Problems Essay Example for Free

The Los Angeles Basin Pollution Problems Essay closing draftThe significant line of merchandise pollution problem in the Los Angeles Basin has been one of the most dangerous environmental issues that concerned the society. Due to the American tradition, public transportations are not so commonly employ therefore, a majority of the individuals owned a car. The most commonly used transportation is the convenient repulse vehicles that are driven everywhere. With the high volume of traffic daily, the tremendous union of air pollution that is produced by highly-polluted vehicles are growing at an exponential rate Although the government has been putting a massive amount of work into preventing additional air pollution from being continuously produced and also trying to wipe kayoed the polluted air that already existed, it is still the most challenging environmental issue in America. statistically proven that in Southern California, episodic outdoor levels of ozone (O3), particu late matter less than 10 microns in diameter (PM10), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) historically have been among the highest in the United States, and they continue to exceed federal and take clean air guidelines. (Knzli et al., 2003, p.1)CAUSEHistorically,* The first recognized episodes of smog in Los Angeles occurred in the summer of 1943. visibility was limited to only three blocks and residents suffered from smarting eyes, respiratory discomfort, nausea, and vomiting Smog events continued to plague Los Angeles throughout the 1940s. The City of Los Angeles began its air pollution control program in 1945, establishing the Bureau of Smoke Control in its health department. On June 10, 1947. During the 1940s and 1950s, air pollution control focused on obvious sources, such as backyard burning and incinerators, open burning at garbage dumps, and smoke emissions from factories. During the 1950s and 1960s, local air quality officials implemented the use of vapor recovery equipment for the bulk transfer of gasoline, regulated petroleum-based solvents, and required permits for interlingual rendition plants that processed animal waste. Starting in 1970, the federal government phased out lead in gasoline. In 1975, the first oxidizing catalytic converters to reduce CO and hydrocarbon tailpipe emissions came into use as part of CARBs Motor vehicle Emission Control Program. (2007, pp. 276-278)

The Central Limit Theorem Essay Example for Free

The Central Limit Theorem EssayThe Central Limit Theorem for a bastardly state that for a random archetype of size n from a nation with mean and prototype deviation ? , as the savor size increases the dispersal of the exemplar mean approaches a regular distribution with mean and stock(a) deviation . On the other hand, if the population is normal, the distribution of the test mean is normal regardless of sample size (Doane Seward, 2007). Now, suppose a random sample of size n is interpreted from a population with mean 100 and standard deviation 10. The sampling error or standard error of mean for samples of n = 1, n = 4, n = 9, n = 16, n = 25, n =100 leave behind be For n = 1, For n = 1, For n = 1, For n = 1, For n = 1, For n = 1, From above it can be seen that as the sample size increases, the sampling error reduces. Further, the histogram (if plotted) of samples means approaches a normal distribution. Therefore, while on cannot get rid of sampling error the results from champions statistical work can be still useful as the sampling error will be less for larger sample size. References Doane D. P. Seward L. E. (2007).Applied Statistics in Business and Economics. McGraw-Hill/Irwin New York DQ2-WK3 What is the difference between a sample and a population? When can the same information (e. g. the term of to each one of the ten students in our class) be considered both sample data and population data? A sample involves looking only at whatsoever items from the population. For example, if a glance is to be taken from student of XYZ College for their choices, than the population will be consist of taking survey of all the students in XYZ College and a sample will be taking survey for only some of the students selected based on sampling method.For small population, at that order is little (or no) reason to sample. Similarly, if the data are on disk, than 100% of the cases can be examined easily (Doane Seward, 2007). Therefore, the same info rmation can be considered both sample data and population data if the population is small or can be taken easily with no additional cost for analysis purpose. For example, in a class of 30 students, if the average age is to be determined, than the population is entire class that is all 30 students.In this case, the population is small therefore, there is no need to sample and therefore, the age of all 30 students can be considered both sample data and population data. References Doane D. P. Seward L. E. (2007). Applied Statistics in Business and Economics. McGraw-Hill/Irwin New York DQ3-WK3 When would you use ANOVA at your place of employment, in your education, or in politics? Please share the WORDS that would lead you to the null dead reckoning for a specific and simple example and, then, show the null and alternative hypothesis in symbols. psychoanalysis of variance (commonly referred to as ANOVA) is used for comparison of more than two means simultaneously and to trace sources of alteration to potential explanatory factors (Doane Seward, 2007). For example, if sample data for 15 days of manufacturing defect rates for automotive part manufactured at four plant locations is collected (or available). Than, ANOVA can be used to manage questions such as are the observed differences in the plants sample mean defect rates save due to random variation?Alternatively, are the observed differences between the plants defect rates too expectant to be attributed to chance? This can be written as null and alternate hypothesis as , i. e. at all four plants mean defect rate are the same. , i. e. at least one mean differs from the other. Now, if the null hypothesis is not rejected than it can be concluded that the observations within each treatment or group actually have a common mean ? (ibid).ReferencesDoane D. P. Seward L. E. (2007). Applied Statistics in Business and Economics. McGraw-Hill/Irwin New York

Legalizing Prostitution Essay Example for Free

Legalizing whoredom Essay prostitution may be the worlds oldest profession, and virtues prohibiting prostitution may well be the oldest example of organisation regulation, political relation sex discrimination and boilers suit government control. Recent research indicates that over one million women in the get together States earn their living by full-time prostitution (The Case for). Over half(prenominal) of the worlds population has experienced, participated or heard of prostitution.This shows that many people, buyers and sellers, ar in some agency a part of the prostitution profession, so for the United States government to illegalise prostitution for only a moral reason, and wasting hard induceing Ameri washstands tax dollars on fight prostitution attends ridiculous and an over solely waste of time. Since we live in a free society it makes no sense for the government to be telling people that they cannot charge a fee for harmless services. Such proof is why ha rlotry should be legal.For more reasons than one, prostitution is popular in argonas where the crime rate argon very high, cod to these police officers and courtrooms are overwhelmed with prostitution guinea pigs which is very costly. Every other day in that location is a case some prostitution being brought in front of a judge and what does it do the business? , absolutely nothing. Just think most it, if prostitution were legal, police officers would have less work with trying to take place prostitution and more time protecting the community from the REAL crimes such as, murder, rape, and robbery.It is estimated that if prostitution were legalized in the United States, the rape rate would decrease by roughly 25% for a decrease of approximately 25,000 rapes per year (Prostitution and Sex Crimes). Other countries have already figured this out it boggles the mind to why the U. S. secure cant get with the program. If prostitution were to become legal, it must be looked over and done in proficient fashion, not just for the prostitute or employee scarcely for the customer. Due to prostitution being illegal, it has been forced into the streets.Since intimately of these streets have high crime rates, this puts most of the prostitutes in danger. Prostitution thrives at night, it involves them getting into cars with strangers which is easy pickings for serial killers and other sociopaths who will cause them harm. America can look at European cities for a little bit of inspiration. In many European cities prostitution is allowed designated areas like brothels and areas called red-light districts. People who are elicit in getting their needs met can go to one of these places where such acts are permitted.Therefore, the prostitutes can work in safer environments. Many Americans feel that allowing prostitution into society will increase the STD rates in the U. S. scarcely in actuality, it may help delete these huge statistics drastically. If prostitution was to be legalized and made a ratable business, there can be health and safety precautions made. Like mandatory STD checks and blood tests run on every single client and employee. This eliminates the fear of catching a disease slim to none. But if prostitution is still tone ending to be illegal, then honestly the rates will continue to rise.Records show that the cities with the highest STD rates are Washington, D. C. , and New York City. Prostitution is an institution of male domination and exploitation of women. (Raymond) Men coming in willing to buy favors from these women means actually puts them on a pedestal. It shows that women still have the say so in society, in life, and in a mans world. But people knowm to forget the males roll in all this. Research, programs, and legislation related to sex trafficking are often premised on the invisibility of the male buyer and the failure to address mens role in buy and abusing women in prostitution.(Raymond) None of this can be done wi thout a man. But still, it seems that everyone wants to place the blame on the prostitutes who are simply just doing their job. So its safe to say that there is some bod of a double standard that is related to this matter. Human beings as a species al demeanors want to stamp out something that they cant really understand. The people who are trying to get rid of and/or ban prostitution do not know the persons situation. This could be all they have go forth in order to supply for their family. But if the prostitute is willing to face these acts, then let them.Its their life. A sensitive issue to some, precisely its an issue nonetheless. Prostitution is something that isnt just passing play to go away. Why political leaders are trying to ban/abolish it is mind boggling. Since lovely a good deal the beginning of time prostitution has been enormouscasted to the world it was never a secret. But the media describes it as something that is just plain wrong. But the real question is why? Many opinions are based on in-person preferences and moral reasons, which shouldnt be a deciding factor on such a broad and debatable topic.The media shows how media how prostitution is wrong, but little do they know its showing why it should be legalized. Prostitution is defined as the engaging in, or agreeing to engage in, sexual conduct for a fee. Women are pushed into entering prostitution for many reasons including lack of education, poverty, and personal choice. Prostitution is currently illegal, but there is much controversy surrounding this issue. There are approximately 1. 3 million prostitutes in the United States today.However, there is only an arrest figure of about 100,000 prostitutes in 1995, and the number of arrests has been fairly consistent since then. The General consensus has shown that lawfulness enforcement has been generally ineffective in the removal of prostitution from our society. (Prostitution Policy) There are many people gnarly in prostitution, seventy percent of which are female, twenty percent male, and ten percent customers. Quite a large amount of citizens are actively fighting against prostitution. On the opposed side, many are fighting to legalize it.Legalized prostitution cannot exist alongside the true equality of women. The idea that one group of women should be available for mens sexual access is founded on structural inequality by gender, discriminate and race (Argument). This is an example of something that has changed drastically. outrightadays women seek prostitution as an option to tender . Although some are forced into this lifestyle, one has to think of the what ifs. For example, a mother has a child that is starving and decision a legitimate job just isnt an option for her right now what is she to do to provide for her child.Well, it seems that the only realistic thing for her to do is to let the child starve. A bit harsh an unreasonable, but so is banning something that just isnt dismissal away. Diff erent methods have been expressed to find a way to get rid of this crime. But desperate generation call for desperate measures. Since Prostitution is single handedly the biggest slap in the face to America, how about we send every single person who knows and/or participated in prostitution to jail for life. Seems legit and fair these people have done the unthinkable and they should be punished.Now that over a million people is in jail for sex that leaves the police to fight the real criminals. For example, murders, killers, thieves, and cant forget about child molesters. We will leave these people in the streets because they just dont compare to disgusting and vile life of a prostitute. With the new law legalizing prostitution, it would make it easier for the government to regulate. In past centuries, it is not hard to find news about change women to be prostitutes on the black market or minors stepping into this business before being good enough to figure their lives out( The Pr esent Is).Sadly, no one could really stop the problem since all of these actions were taken underground. Setting up new laws regarding the prostitution issue, brothels would have to be licensed which would make it easier for the government to monitor and prevent forced prostitution. It may seem like a wild idea but think about the jobs that prostitution could bring to the economy, its already booming in the underground world. An extreme substitute but a job nevertheless.That struggling mother could provide for her child or her family or he/she could do it for their own personal reasons, either way its their corpse. Who is America to tell them what they could do with it. It could fall in up more nursing positions due to the fact that a strict and mandatory STD screening will be given to each customer. It could also open up other secretarial positions because someone is going to have to keep track of whos doing what with who. Making this a business isnt all about sex it can actuall y provide jobs for people who need it.For the media, prostitution never shows any pros about the matter, but always finds a way to express the cons. In figure number one, you can see a little girl with an aged face lying in a bed close to a grown man. Many would say that this is the exact reason why prostitution should stay the way it is illegal. But think about it, if allowing prostitution to be legalized then the disgusting sex trafficking business would in short vanish. In figure number two, it shows an American Flag with the words, Sex Worker Rights Are Human Rights. This is simply an ad that agrees with legalizing prostitution. The American Flag is displayed to show what America stands for which is for equality for all. If a person decides to sell his/her body for money, then let them. For example, guns are allowed in America, despite what the government is trying to do right now, guns are allowed. Taking that away from users is taking away their human rights and their consti tutional rights as well. Same thing with prostitution, a person may feel as if what they are doing is their personal preference which falls into human rights.In other words let these people live. In conclusion, prostitution is an underground business that isnt going to go away. Its something that isnt going to go away. The government, once again, is trying to control the way we subscribe to to live our lives. Everyone has rights of their own and its up to them to figure out what is right and what is wrong. Prostitution goes back to the ancient times and has still been a thriving business to this day. Nothing is going to change that nothing.

The Good, Bad and Ugly of Fracking Essay Example for Free

The Good, Bad and Ugly of Fracking EssayThere is a gold rush deviation on right now. Man is breaking the earth, looking for inseparable hit manolene. Its a mad scene, with hucksters on every side of the issue. There is a lot going on underground and that process is called Fracking. The treatment alone bottomland stir up controversy. The process of extracting inhering waste through hydraulic fracturing or fracking, might summon in someones imagination an environment and damaged communities. Natural gas hides from sight it is invisible. Perhaps envisioned a prettier pictureone that involves clean-burning supply, job growth and affordable life force. The interior(a) Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) states that fracking is the process of injecting full-grown volumes of water, sand and chemicals into the ground at naughty pressure sensation to break up shale formation allowing more efficient recovery of oil and gas (Walter). This behave has grown rap idly over the course of the last decade thanks to improved technologies, but it withal has fostered debates concerning its environmental, health and safety impact along the way.The process of hydraulic fracturing shooting water, sand, and chemicals at high pressure into underground wells to release natural gas is a divisive issue. Some say it cast aside chemicals into ground water supplies some others argue it causes earthquakes, and still others think it can revolutionize Americas nix industry. Environmentalists argue that fracking collys ground and surface water a charge the gas companies deny. Heres the caper the fracking process begins with a well drilled deep underground. Horizontal passages be then drilled superficial from the bottom of the well.Water, sand and chemicals are pumped at high pressure through the water is insignificant, and it has never been proven that those chemicals rise ground water supplies. On the other hand, environmentalists say the work throu ghward drilling process, if do poorly, releases chemicals into both ground and surface water. Both arguments are strong, which is why no one can mark whether fracking is a good or bad thing. The science is not settled arguments are hurled back and forward by both gas companies and environmentalists. On the earthquake issue, seismologists say it is possible fracking can cause excellent earthquakes.The British Geological Survey researched the Blackpool earthquakes, and the conclusion was reasonable. However, they did come back and say, the chances of getting a very large earthquake are insignificant (Walter). Meanwhile, a contaminated water supply is a hotly-debated issue in that location have been cases where fracking has polluted water supplies as a result of poor oversight and procedures, but it does attend that if done correctly, fracking is not nearly as environmentally disruptive as traditional oil and gas extraction.One thing that is settled are the benefits homegrown nat ural gas adds to the US energy industry. As chemist and author rich Trzupek wrote recently America has become, in the eyes of energy professions, the Saudi Arabia of natural gas thanks to shale gas. The doe estimates that shale gas reserves alone are 750 trillion cubic feet. (McGraw). Combines with other domestic sources of natural gas, the United States has enough natural gas to last for over a century, and the add up continue to climb.In areas where shale gas drilling is happening, the good times are rolling. Not only are people making money from the energy sales, jobs are created down the line, from the companies who support drilling operations down to the service industries that provide workers with food and shelter (McGraw). According to Carlton Carroll, American Petroleum Institute (API) the oil and natural gas industrys number one priority is safety. It is very important to maintain a perfect safety record but even one incident is way too many.In a December 2012 press releas e, API called the extraction from natural gas from shale the most important domestic energy development in the last fifty yearspoised to reshape American manufacturing. And Chevrons web site touts the practice for providing the United States with reliable, affordable, cleaner and responsibly produced energy (Walter). Developing these natural gas resources can help enhance the countrys energy security, strengthen local anesthetic and state economies, and fuel job growth.Many Americans, oppose any kind of pollution. However, here are reasons to support fracking 1. It can prolong to our nation becoming energy independent 2. It go away provide an enormous boost to our state and local economies 3. It has already driven down natural gas prices to the point where utilities are replacing dirty coal-fired motive plants with cleaner natural gas-burning plans and increasingly vehicles are burning natural gas instead of dirtier gasoline 4.It will provide many well-paying jobs to geologists, well drillers, office workers, truck drivers, construction workers, and many more. So what is the snagand how honest is it? Communities where fracking has taken place, notably in Ohio and Pennsylvania, protest the noise and scarring of the landscaping during the initial explorations. Restoration and compensation can better those concerns. The most significant fear is that the wastewater with chemicals from the fracking process, called, flowback, can contaminate the aquifers and drinking water.State regulators in Alaska, Colorado, Indiana, Louisiana, Michigan, Oklahoma, Pennslvania, South Dakota, Texas and Wyoming have stated that there have been no verified or documented cases of groundwater pollution as a result of hydraulic fracking (Zuckerman). The process uses about 99 percent water and sand, the stay put being a solution of a few chemicals (Zuckerman). Most drilling experts have asserted that it is exceedingly improbable that fracking liquids will contaminate drinking wate r. Fortunately, no cases exist in which the fracking process itself has caused drilling liquids to contaminate drinking water.The issue then is whether the flowback hazard can remain at acceptable levels. The real risk of exposure of water contamination comes from these flowback fluids leaking into streams or seeping down into groundwater after reaching the surface. This can be caused by leaky wellheads, attribute tanks or blowouts. Wellheads are made sufficiently safe to prevent this eventuality holding tanks can be made secure and blowouts, while problematic, are like all accidents caused by benignant error. The energy industry has long stressed that fracking and water contamination has never been definitibely linked.

The History of Efforts Towards Islam Ecumenism Essay Example for Free

The History of Efforts To state of wards Islam ecumenicalism Es secernThe discord between the Shia and Sunni has a long and bloody history. The split between these cabals was a harvest of a political conflict which was exaggerated, if not baseless. It all(a)owed the proliferation of wrongful assumptions which have been exploited and taken out of context. For example, the Shiites retrieve that Sunnis are enemies of the Ahl-e Bayt,the family of the prophet (Mazhari). On the other hand, the Sunnis believe that the Shiites regard the present daytime Quran has been tampered with (Mazhari) and that they demoralize the companions of the prophet. While is true that thither are Shiites who openly abuse the companions of the prophets, there number is relatively small. Also, Sunni assimilators cite arguments from a long forgotten Shia groups which were known to uphold un- Moslem views (Mazhari). The issues couldve been easily resolved finished a dialog between the leaders of these deuce sects and yet, over the centuries, no serious efforts were made to address these differences. The situation has worse and the conflict between Shia-Sunni extremist forces has become so severe that many ordinary Muslims have evince anger and consternation against suicide bombers and terrorist acts.In a paper (Rahim) compose after the November 18, 2005 bombing of mosques in Eastern Iraq, an imam was quoted speaking these words I have said this before and I say it again, the imam said, his voice trembling with anger. The suicide bombers and their planners are murderers, not martyrs. They are the real enemies of Islam. We must award and defeat them, wherever they may lurk. The quarrel between Sunnism and Shiism is more than just a debate on what is true Islam. In several countries such as Iran and Iraq, it has become a jihad, a holy war destroying the lives and futures of the very population they are part of.At present, there is now a resounding holler out for intra combine harmony a dialogue between the Shiites and Sunnis so as to allow better understanding between these cardinal sects and ensure adore and peaceful coexistence. The beginning of efforts to resolve Sunni-Shia antagonism While the idea of Islam ecumenism is a new one, there were al mark efforts to resolve the Sunni-Shiite conflict in the past, though these were not wide fiesta. A highlight in Moslem history is the victory of the Shah Ismail in Tabriz in 1501.With the ascension of the Safavids to power, Shiism became the official sect in a largely Sunni country. For Iran, this was the first time that Shiite leaders could organize without repression from their Sunni counterparts. Because of this move, Shiite leaders developed into an amend class and have accepted the use of reason in the process of evaluating the traditions and in jurisprudence (R. Brunner 28). The Shiite clergy began to canvass their political interests when confronting with representatives of both Shiism and Sunni sm.The first attempt at formal dialogue between Sunni and Shiite leaders happened in fourth and fifth decades in the 18th century, following the defeat of the Safavids to Afghan invaders (R. Brunner 28). In the meeting convened by Nadir Shah and culminated on December 1743 (R. Brunner 31), it was reported that a considerable number of scholars from both sects were present. Some of the topics discussed snarled the legitimacy of the rule of the first caliphs, and the issues surrounding the prophets companions and temporary marriage.The meeting produced a written accord which obliged the Shiite scholars from performing activities which the Sunnis may find offensive. Unfortunately, scholars from both sects were not yet mentally ready to maintain peace and the accord failed to fulfill its function after Nadir Shahs death in 1747. Repeated clashes and outbreaks of violence between the Sunnis and Shiites soon commenced. While the first official agreement for Islam ecumenism was a failure, this was not an indication that there is no hope for peace between the warring sects.The re-emergence of pan-Islamic tendencies happened in the later part of the 19th century, after the spreading European colonialism (R. Brunner 34). During this time, activists of Islamic descent called on the Muslim association to flux and forge against a common enemy. In order to overcome the dominance of European socialization and assert the uniqueness of the Islamic foundation, activists such as Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and Muhammad Abduh called on Muslimsto reflect on the virtues of unity and cooperationthe most powerful pillars of Muhammadan denomination (R.Brunner 35). Unfortunately at this time, ecumenical dialogue was still non-existent, and there was no mention of rapprochement between the Sunnis and Shiites. As a matter of fact, there was no mention of the two denominations by name since activists preferred to stress their common opposition to British politics (R. Brunner 35). One sc holar who is notable for making leading the first efforts towards dialogue and Islam ecumenism is the Sunni Muhammad Rashid Rida (R. Brunner 40).He called for the revival of true Islam through the adaptation of Islamic law to modern needs and its reinterpretation for Islamic jurisprudence. Unlike al-Afghani and Abduh, Rida recognized that the mutual crime and distance between the two sects were a mistake. He called for a unified language and the creation of an Islamic society in Mecca which consisted of both Shiites and Sunnis. The recognition of the Azhar University as highest Islamic institution in Egypt too helped spread the move towards Islam ecumenism.It served both a a Sunni and Shiite authority in Egypt when it created the Council Supreme ulama which was commissioned by law to oversee the ghostlike standards of all other Egyptian ulama and use disciplinary means to put on their decisions (R. Brunner 48). With the success of the Azhar in Egypt came the call for the revisio n of the educational system in Iran. Alim Asad Allah Mamaqani and Muhsin Shahara believed that by adapting the reforms made by Azhar in training young theologians Najaf can also master the prevailing chaos (R. Brunner 49) in the country.If there was one scholar who created the greatest impact to Islam ecumenism, then it would be Muhammad Rashid Rida. From his philosophy came a need for great understanding of Islam and a move towards modernization. As a matter of fact, a secret society headed by Mirza Mohammad Baqer Bawanati was setup to promote rapprochement among Islam, Christianity and Judaism (R. Brunner 38). As early as 1986, leaders of different religions in the world were already meeting with the Pope John Paul II, with the Catholic pope being the spokesman and central look-alike in these gatherings (Veith).These meetings hosted by the Pope showed the world that peace among religions is not impossible, and that peace between the Shia and Sunni sects of Islam is still indoor s reach. Main Institutions and Personalities and their Contribution to Islamic Ecumenism It was in the Safavid Empire when openings for dialogue took place. It was when Ismail Safavi made a apparitional edict to make Shiism as official state religion amidst a dominantly Sunni population. By force and violence, Sunnis were compelled to convert until the Sunnis turned from major(ip)ity to minority by the end of the 18th century.Although there was an element of repression involved, the discourse on Sunni and Shiite theology was pursued with the intention of converting Sunnis by giving little concessions here and there (Brunner, 2004). A major contributor to Islamic unity in history is Sharaf al-din. He is a Shiite whose correspondence with Shaykh Salim al-Bishri, who is the chief of al-Azhar Mosque which was eventually published in a book Murajaat provided the foundations of Muslim Unity.Sharaf al-din also published works for uniting the Ummah where he tackled the various issues tha t prevent Shiis and Sunnis from uniting. Perhaps one of his major moves in the direction of unity is on coordinate the 12th of Rabi al-Awal to commemorate Muhammads birthday rather than the 17th so that it can be noteworthy together with Sunni Muslims (Brunner, 2004). The Taqrib Movement from 1947 to 1960 which literally means to bring together is also instrumental in paving the way towards the institutionalization of the ecumenical dialogue.This coincided with the effort from different countries to form an International Muslim Brotherhood. lastly pan Islamic associations and other scholars joined the effort culminating into the Muslim World Congress in 1949 (Brunner, 2004). A pivotal number in Islamic solidarity happened during the Islamic Revolution led by Ayatollah Khomeini. For one, he was able to neutralize the historic enmity between the Sunnis and Shiites by focusing on a single enemy which was the United States.Khomeini also bridged the division between Shiites and Sunni s by permitting Twelvers to pray behind Sunni imams while at the same time inexorable the criticism against the Caliphs who ruled before Ali (Khan). There are other prominent figures in the ecumenical operation such as Muhammad Jawad Mughniyya who advocated for Arab and Muslim unity and supported the Islamic revolution. Together with Khomeini, they were able to merge religious and political emancipation in a single movement (Mallat, 2003).Notable also is the contribution of Shaykh Ma? mud Shaltut (1893-1963) in the history and contribution of Al-Azhar. He can be credited as a major influence to Al-Azhars openness, liberalism and ecumenical spirit. He is one of the first to teach Shia teach in a Sunni institution teaching the Twelver of Shia Islam alongside four Sunni madhhabs (traditions of jurisprudence) (Brunner, 2004). Perhaps one the most authoritative institution that is paving the way for greater ecumenical dialogue and Islamic unity is Cairos Al-Azhar University.Considere d as the most credible center of Sunni Scholarship, it is now propagating a reconciliatory stance that is aimed at mutual respect and understanding. The Al-Azhar Verdict (fatwa) on the Shia is considered to be a landmark position. To wit 1) Islam does not require a Muslim to follow a particular Madhhab (school of mind). Rather, we say every Muslim has the right to follow one of the schools of perspective which has been correctly narrated and its verdicts have been compiled in its books.And, everyone who is following such Madhahib schools of thought can transfer to another school, and there shall be no crime on him for doing so. 2) The Jafari school of thought, which is also known as al-Shia al- Imamiyyah al-Ithna Ashariyyah (i. e. , The Twelver Imami Shiites) is a school of thought that is religiously correct to follow in worship as are other Sunni schools of thought. (Al-Azhar) This position that recognizes the boldness of Shia doctrine is a radical position that can really ease the historical tensions between the two denominations.The International Islamic Conference in Ammam (Landau) also issued the same position convening 200 Islamic scholars who all unanimously voted to recognize all 8 schools of Islam as having their own validity. Moreover they prohibited all Muslims from different denominations to call each other heretics or apostates while exposing what they see as ignorant edicts issues incorrectly in the name of Islam. On December 2005, the Amman Conference Statement was adopted by the memorial tablet of Islamic Conference Summit in Mecca providing a complete legitimacy and thrust towards Muslim Solidarity.Eventually six other international Islamic scholarly assemblies adopted this position making a clear and distinct position for Muslim pluralism (Statement of the International Islamic Conference in Amman). Abdul Malik Mujahid is a modern day figure in Islamic ecumenism who is calling on all the Muslim world to unite and giving concrete and wor kable steps towards unity. He argues the principle of no compulsion in matters of faith (Quran 2256) as sound as he gives persuasive points in history as well as in actual practice (Mujahid).

Ancient Egypt Essay Example for Free

Ancient Egypt EssayWhen star thinks of mummification, what would immediately come into mind is Ancient Egypt. But according to archaeologists, they discovered that this process is also world practiced in other places such as China and even in the among the tribes in Alaska though they are not identical to that of the Egyptians whose method is more commonly known (Monet).Compared to the other methods which appear to be very simple in terms of process or procedures such as simply put the corpse in cold or airtight places, the Egyptian method is considered the most elaborate which is silent shrouded and mystery as to how the process is exactly conducted. The only way to get an idea on how it was drag is to examine the remains for pathological purposes as well as a smattering of surviving texts that lead been found (Monet David 383-384).Egyptian mumification is a two-step process that entailed embalming which made use of chemicals to detain the remains for a longer duration of time. The second process is wrapping the corpse with layers of linen bandages for the purpose of maintaining its shape by dint of the passage of time (Monet David 385). Archaeologists are amazed on how sophisticated Egyptians were in developing the technology to make a body live forever and had exceeded their expectations. If there is a reasonable conclusion to this topic, the Egyptians made a significant contribution to modern civilization with this process.While it may be impractical for people to preserve the remains of the decased in this day and age, the practice still has benefits in terms of slowing decomposition and no attempt is made to duplicate the exact methods used. Works Cited David, A. Rosalie, Mummification. Nicholson, Paul T. , and Ian Shaw, eds. Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2000. Monet, Jefferson. An Overview of Mummification in Ancient Egypt. 1996. Tour Egypt. Net. 21 Aug. 2010 http//www. touregypt. net/feat urestories/mummification. htm.

Cultural Barriers When Negotiating with Women and Minorities Essay Example for Free

Cultural Barriers When Negotiating with Women and Minorities EssayA guarantor dialogue occurs when a criminal uses innocent people as bargaining chips. The scenarios for these circumstances vary from a awful mother perhaps who in fear whitethorn barricade herself with her own child to a banking company robber who utilizes the people around to assist in his getaway. In addition, a more(prenominal) publicized slip of hostage situation would be the terrorist type situations where a completely new set of rules must be utilized to deal with these type incidents. For example, a mother may be grand and reacting in fear. near plausibly this type of psyche the mind set is non that of a criminal and she has no strong intentions of hurting anyone but for the most part is reaching out for a solution of some type. The archetypal job of the hostage negotiator should be to create safety. When a negotiator arrives on the scene at that place may be several armed officers with emoti ons running high and general confusion. The environment escalates the fear that is already present in this woman and she is most ilkly fearful for her life as well as the child or hostage she may be holding.Brute force would not be the surmount method to use in this type of situation as the woman most likely is not looking to harm anyone and is actually seeking some way of escape. For the most part the percentage of women who carry away hostages are considerably lower than that of a male committing the same crime. Upon arriving on the scene, it would be crucial for the negotiator to get organized and establish some sort of communication with the hostage taker to keep an eye on what her issue may be.If the negotiation looks like it might take some time it would be wise to consider a position that would offer some type of permanent accommodation. The next step would be to attempt to determine as much information about the situation as possible. For example, it would be important t o know how galore(postnominal) hostages and if possible their names. Then it is crucial to determine what they are demanding and from in that respect determine what is it that they are really petition for. Since typically by nature, women tend to be more emotional it would be wise to determine where her instal of mind is at this time.The questions to consider is whether she is desperate and fearful or are her emotions running high with a sense of hopelessness where she feels she has nothing to lose? Also, if possible it would be beneficial to determine is she under the act upon of any type of drug or alcohol as these factors could make the situation much more difficult as it is often measure impossible to reason with a person under the influence. Their grok on reality is greatly altered and what is plain logic will not register evidently to them.Another type of hostage situation to consider is a terrorist type situation where the person who the negotiator is dealing with is not from this country and then a whole new set of issues would require attention. well-nigh terrorists who apprehend hostages may believe that they are truly doing a heroic act and it is most likely a religious type of motive. It is hard to reason with a person like this without understanding that this person has no fear of death. In fact, they most likely wel cum it as they are under the tone that they will be greatly rewarded in the after life because of what they are doing.In addition, many times when dealing with hostage takers from the middle east they are so despondent as they run through garbled much in the way of possessions and more importantly they may have lost family members. In the fiber of these type hostage situations they are not holding the person, for the most part, in a building like perhaps a bank robber type situation. In these cases the hostages are more likely to be picked up from a public place and carried away to another secret location. The hostage tak ers in beat contact whomever they feel are the appropriate people and from that point make their demands.For the most part they may provide some type of proof alerting the authorities on the number of people interpreted and assurance that they are still alive. In these type instances they may appear, and often do, have the upper slew and it is the negotiators duty to balance the situation. It is imperative to determine at this point what the terrorists may be asking and if the request if realistic and one that could be honored. From this point the cooperation of several government officials may come into play and the decision on who to contact should be made considerably quick.Another type of hostage situation would be when an individual from an urban community is the criminal. Many times these people are desperate and will not be open to negotiation. Often times they are determined they will not be caught and their way of life has reduced the respect of other peoples lives, as th ey have no great respect for own. Another issue that is prevalent in these type situations would be there also may be the involvement of drugs and alcohol so the negotiator may not be dealing with a lucid personality.

Contemporary Chinese female art and artists Essay Example for Free

Contemporary Chinese pi stableate nontextual matter and artisans EssayIntroductionIn the 1990s, mainland chinaw be adopted wolframbound wo handss liberation battlefront and it influenced and chop-chop raised the Chinese feminism concept. There were numerous themes of exposition focused on distaff art and egg-producing(prenominal) operatives, an example of this is the Chinese Women artifice Exhibition1Chinese Women blind Exhibition in 1998, the Frauen museum (Womens Museum), Bonn, Ger legion(predicate) -, , , , 25. in 1998 and the Century pistillate workmanic creation Exhibition2Century Female artistic production Exhibition in 1998, the mainland China National Art Gallery, capital of Red China, China ,, ,,,(),(),(),().(,,,,) (,,,,) (,,,,) in 1998. Only effeminate artists could participate in this category of art exhibition. Although the exhibitions revealed the enormousness of women art in raw Chinese art, there was no specific description to define the qua lity of womanish art and distaff artists. From this it can be asked What is Chinese distaff art and is it a category in the making of the new-fangled and modern Chinese art?Contemporary Chinese art frequently refer inflammation to as avant-garde art, sustained to expand ever since the 1980s as an improvement of present- mean solar day(a), post- pagan art developments. During this period, China candid the economic door to introduction and westerly influence poured into Chinese culture bringing the concept of feminism in China. Further lots, Chinese artist were the similars ofwise released from the control of extreme political train, and pistillate artists were set close to to re-create their make fancy, contri preciselying to a gradual awakening of womens consciousness. Indeed, it is in this unseasonedly modify consciousness that Chinese womanish art in contemporary world can be delineated. In this paper, I would like to discuss how three generation groups of femi nine artists (1980s, 1990s, and overseas) boon their realizes and how they ex imperativeness their egg-producing(prenominal) quality by dint of those art pieces. Finally, I in any case would like to bring issue the concept and definition of quality of womanish art in contemporary Chinese art.The 85 New Wave Art movement brought intimately umteen young feminine artists who devoted themselves to approach the womans character of automobile trunk and to a fault found new counsellings to present the attention on the female subject. Female artists alongside male artists, expressed their give attitudes towards contemporary China. In the initiatening st jump ons of this period, women artist paid critical attention to their own expression through maintaining with the large scale influence and borrowing from modern western art. However, the nature of contemporary art developed so that the concept of womens artistic consciousness started to emerge. later 1989, neo-expressionis m brought new stage in China. operatives, both male and female, started to focus on the essence of forgiving savor and overly emphasized on rational and critical concepts. Womens consciousness began to emerge and women began to explore their own experience and find an appropriate panache of expression in contemporary Chinese art. Most female artists pursued to define the essence of womens consciousness or confirm womens consciousness itself. They promoted license from tralatitious male- prevail fiat and pursued womens equal position with men. Many women art exhibitions were to a fault held in this period, and female art and female artists began to be paid attention.Since the 1980s, non scarcely local Chinese female artists came about to give rise to Chinese womens art, still some overseas Chinese female artists besides worked to this end. They created the works through contrasting experiences and whole steps in looking for the essence of womens consciousness. These ar tists aboutly odd China after the Cultural Revolution, prior to the accessible changes in China. They befuddle their unique ways to present their ideas and expressions, like looking backside to Chinese hi boloney and pursuing the art essences that they need.With differences in ain backgrounds and generations, female artists in all these three groups hold back varying and unique ways in presenting their art through variant content and influence. But to Chinese female artists, the intention is to express their female interrelate and feeling in a ever-changing Chinese federation in which the womens gender use of goods and services is forever and a day changing and reshaping. In their art, females in these three groups sh be non just now expressions and feelings based on their female sensitivity but also their observations to social concern. In the following sections, I choose three contemporary Chinese female artists, Hung Liu, Yu Hong, and Cui Xiuwen, and define the qual ity of female art through their works.Traditional female role in ChinaMost literature focuses on Chinese culture and narration with key stresses on the function of language, geography, philosophies, and art. On the other hand, women atomic number 18 missing in almost all field. Chinese cultures culture and arts argon male-dominated and male- lie. Chinese art, whether primordial or contemporary, is art that instigated in or is practiced in China mostly by Chinese male artists. The arts of a nightclub mirror mans values and attitudes. Women were always portrayed as objects of observation by men. Moreover, consort to I-Jing, women argon much naturally aligned with the spiritual and emotional bodies, which are more non-linear and spatially oriented (all those yin qualities) while men are more naturally aligned with the mental and physical bodies, which are more linear and temporally oriented (all those yang qualities).3Malin, David. 2006. Creating Sacred Space. Bodymath.com. http //www.bodymath.com/ obligates/archives/Feb06_Creating_Sacred_Space.pdf (February, 2006)Yang is mostly considered more important than yin, and is regarded as of secondary importance. This makes gender roles have typical stereotypes with women always portrayed with weakness and sickness.Chinese women had been confined to the family, at the mercy of their husbands for thousands of years. History and customs have stifled womens vowelizes. In China, women alived within a society dominated by men, where women were not authorized to involve themselves in the national field and consequently were not integrated in historical descriptions. For example, in the Forbidden City, women were not allowed to walk in some public spaces because those spaces were symbolized as the males power and authority. No woman ever took part in the super acid ceremonies staged before the Hall of Supreme Harmony, which were supreme demonstrations of male ruling power.4Wu, Hung. Beyond Stereotypes The cardinal Beauties in Qing Court Art and the Dream of the Red Chamber. Writing Women in Late empurpled China, ed. Ellen Widmer Kang-I Sun Chang, 315-316. Stanford, CA Stanford University Press, 1997.Undertakings by Chinese women high uninfected the custom of foot binding succeeded from late un blowzy strain to Ming Dynasties and even sustained to several indications into the 20th century. Foot binding has an effect to a degree in all kindes of Chinese women and at a certain point, persuaded women to have bound feet and to dwell in the clubby sphere of their homes. Having bound feet was directly correlated to Chinese art in modern times.Contemporary Chinese women roleThe year 1976 marked a shift in political, economic, and heathen policy, a shift that erupted out of the self-imported isolation of three gos and opened China up to the outside world. Western influence started to come into China and brought many new concepts to strike Chinese society. During the 1980s, the western feminism also began to influence and raised rapidly womens consciousness.By the mid-1980s, though, the plethora of newly founded womens magazines explicitly discussed womens problems at work and in the family. The pages of China Womens tidings were filled with exposs and denunciations of discrimination flavord by women. Feminist outcries began to appear with some regularity in print. This recognition of gender inequality also found expression in the emergence of separate womens organizationsschools, nonrecreational societies, and womens studies groups.5Hershatter, Gail Honig, Emily. Feminist Voices. Personal Voices Chinese Women in the 1980s. 308. Stanford, CAStanford University Press, 1988.Women became aware of their unequal defer in society and began to pay attention on female issues. In 1990s, new modern women images emerged. Women focused on individual characteristic and pursued their confidence and profession.The new women were as strong and intellectual as men or better, and they could even afford more of what they desire without anymore having to depend on men and be at a lower statute in society. Metropolis ran a special feature on women of talent in its November 1999 issue. One illustration cover a confident woman pointing to the screen of her laptop computer computer while a male colleague with furrowed brow struggles to comprehend what he sees. An article entitled Thirty Traits of the Talented Woman6Thirty Traits of the Talented Woman explains that the woman should be intelligent, sharp-witted, well-informed, knowledgeable, well-spoken, and has good taste she is independent, self-respecting, and conscious of womens equality she if principled but gentle, with a good common aesthesis of humor, and easy to get along with. She is understanding, generous, and sensitive to the feelings to others, but not suspicious. She is a doer-straightforward, efficient, and self-controlled. She is a bit of a rebel but not con driveational. While she may be attractive to men, her attraction is based on personality, not strike. Her action is well-balanced love is never her only concern. Dadushi (Metropolis) 14 (November 1999) 102-103lists her characteristics.7Julia F. Andrews and Kuiyi Shen. The New Chinese Woman and Lifestyle Magazines in the Late 1990s. Popular China Unofficial Culture in a Globalizing Society. Ed. Perry Link, Richard P. Madsen, and Paul G. Pickowicz, 151. Lanham, Maryland Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2002New modern women were portrayed as beautiful and intellectual individuals. They could stand in the same level in society with men.Contemporary Chinese female artists and worksContemporary Chinese female artists use a lot of ways to express and convey their feelings and this is fage effectively in their image. Basically, there are five important themes involved in their works to describe their voice and thought. First, female artists usually use their sensitivity to express womens touch through body and question. B ody and gesture presentations help artists to voice their opinions and feelings accompanied with their understanding of being women. Cui Xiuwen8Cui Xiuwen, born in Heilongjiang, China, 1970. She graduated with MFA from the Central academy of Fine Art, Beijing, China in 1996. Cui Xiuwens works have consistently engaged themes of sex activity and gender. Her headst integrityings show the blurred boundary between public and private, and the kinship between history and memory. She uses a wide set forth of media and subject matters to explore the messages she motives to pass, bringing disturbing insights to bear on those issues., her series works, Lovers (1999), she creates b hoary and sensitive congenatorship and intimate activity between man and woman. In the piece, she reveals both heterosexual and homosexual features, and presents a nervous sexual interaction that hints at Paul Cezannes changes. In Lovers 5 (1999), strong and intense orangish color background emphasizes the two human write in codes in the front when having sex, and also label the nervous and mad atmosphere between them. While seeing this mental picture, the feeling is along with two figures through position, activity, and touch. This is primary human nature and human form however is heterosexual or homosexual. I create themes about gender, not themes about sexuality, she explains. I focus on human beings, only the human form in the world. If you want to know what it is to be human, you have to gain an insight into the relationship between man and woman.9Ma, Maggie. The modify of Cui Xiuwen. Artzine A Chinese Contemporary Art Portal. http//www.artzinechina.com/display_vol_aid168_en.htmlYu Hongs10Yu Hong, born in Xian,China, 1966. 1995 earned MFA from the Central honorary society of Fine arts, Beijing, China. Simple and realistic are the two best words to describe her works. Initially, Yu Hongs pictorial matters flux highly realistic portraits wit unreal surroundings and coloratio ns, suggestion a sense of dislocation from the world. She presents her world and experience through works without any extraordinary images or ideas. Though paintings often represent a tranquil feeling, they depict the significance of life.Her beforehand(predicate) work, Nude (1988) was against masculinity appropriation of the spectacle of womans body in the Cultural Revolution. She portrays realistically, womans naked body, smooth and soft pose which present the touch and quality of female. Yu Hong reverses the tralatitious must-be female image. She depicts naked woman body in front only with red high heel shoes. Chinese pictures of the human body, dress or semi-clothed, (in a furtive pornography of specifically erotic pictures), are-to Western eyes-meager, schematic and inadequate.11 paragona Zito Tani E.Barlow.The Body Invisible in Chinese Art?. Body, study Power in China. Chicago The university of Chicago Press.There were no naked body images in traditional Chinese pictures , but here Yu Hong presented the naked woman body to represent the true nature and beauty of human form intended against masculinity of the body and tradition.Another type of presentation, like Hung Lius12Hung Liu, born in China on the eve of the Cultural Revolution, 1982 earned her MFA in mural painting from the Central honorary society of Fine Art, Beijing, China, immigrated to the United States later on and also earned MFA in visual arts from University of California, San Diego. She is enkindle in looking at how women existed in Chinese history for long time. Her works are affected with the painful realness of womens status on China.As a Chinese woman and immigrant in the United States, Hung Liu chooses different ways to identify herself through looking back the Chinese history and portray female issue on art work. Her paintings are based on late 19th and early 20th century Chinese photographs. Some were taken by foreign tourists, while others were taken by the Chinese. Often, the pictures are of beautiful young prostitutes. In traditional Chinese society, prostitutes belong to the low social class and disdained by people. But, indeed, they play an important role during that period, especially for photograph art and portrait paintings.In her work, Odalisque (1992), she creates a monumental altar to an unknown woman, a turn of the century Chinese prostitute. Hung Liu recl draw a bead ons a lay out in history for the Chinese prostitute by transforming the small photograph into large scale painting. To the painting, with their flattened surfaces, Liu attaches wooden altars, on which she sets small jade-colored vases of glass flowers or tiny embroidered shoes for bound feet. Like the lacquer panels and the exanimate glass flowers, the prostitutes are mere decorations, passive, powerless, and empty in a culture that traditional counted emptiness as a female rightfulness.13Kim, Elaine H.1996. Bad Women Asian American Visual Artists Hanh Thi Pham, Hung Liu, and Yong Soon Min. Feminist Studies, Inc. http//www.jstor.org/pss/3178131The traditional Chinese clothing of the woman contrasts with the ornate, Western design of the sofa upon which she reclines and the flowered, Victorian-style backdrop. In addition, her gaze turns to the viewer and marks us conscious of viewers role as outside observers. The painting remembers the western artist, Edouard Manets painting, Olympia (1863). She touches a moment that registers the encounter between a chivalric China and the trope of the prostitute, sexuality as commodity advertised through the relation of displayed body to the gaze of that Western technology, camera. I dont want their stories to be forgotten I dont want them to disappear without a trace. 14Kim, Elaine H.1996. Bad Women Asian American Visual Artists Hanh Thi Pham, Hung Liu, and Yong Soon Min. Feminist Studies, Inc. http//www.jstor.org/pss/3178131As she says, she intends to document the anonymous women in history. Hung Lius paintin g combines western aesthetics with Chinese subject matter (prostitute), a cross- heathen blend that communicates her unique sense of beauty and emotion to the viewer through extraordinarily skillful handing of paint.Second, family and developing background are the earthshaking influences to female artist when creating their works. Their works sometimes are revealed the images about family or childhood memory, and even extend to related personal expression and concern. Yu Hong, Witness to Growth (1966-2006), in which Yu Hong uses her own family photographs to create a self-portrait for each year of her life, and portraits for each year of her daughters life. The idea and motif of paintings dwell deeply in her concerned questions What is the social expectation to female role in our society? How do these expectations build up the life of a woman? In this series of paintings, she not only narrates the story in how growing process, but also how society changes a womans life.Yu Hong di scards an evangelistic and rational thinking, but returns to the history by an imperturbable and objective manner instead. Yu Hong chooses a newspaper or magazine spread to complement each image of painting, and makes connection between private and public part of her own life. Witness to Growth(1995),a painting of herself aged twenty-nine years old, Yu Hongs daughter deception on her body, family burden (role of mother) and society change (modern woman) bring heavy pressure and make her rethink the heart of gender role and seek the balance between those roles.Next to the painting, artist places a contemporaneous China 1995 newspaper depicting women waiting for job opportunity. Chinese economy was flourishing rapidly during this period, and it also brought extremely competition in working position. Many women lost jobs, and many young girls lost opportunity of education. Society change quickly marked negative effect to female and deprived of their chance. At this time, western f eminism came into China women began to pursue their equality to men in society and also look for their female identity.This feminism trend aroused women to think about their roles between family and society as mothers and working women. In contrast, bingle year-old Yu Hongs daughter, she seemed a new generation is growing. A new age is coming. The painting engages the juxtaposition of the weight of contemporary Chinas history with the simplicity of life in its purest, most hick state of being. Here is a relatively quiet life lived in the midst of an almost eonian political, cultural, and economic maelstrom. Yu Hong provides the necessary retreat into ordinary that enables the progression of life through the juxtaposition of the photograph and painting.Cultural Revolution was a significant historical event, especially rooted in people who grew up during this period. Hun Lius stunning reyields of historical photographs of Chinese life, which address the cultural collisions she fac ed while coming of age during the decade of the Cultural Revolution in China. Personal items such as photographs were forbidden during Cultural Revolution, and her family destroyed most of their family photos out of fear. As a result, Hung Liu creates her paintings from anonymous photographs of historical China, particularly with reclaiming the lost histories of nameless women, has been strongly influenced by the losses she and her family suffered.Many of her paintings depict restrictive Chinese Cultural Revolution Scene and express her voice to against this history. Hung Lius painting, Three Graces (2001), the source photographs for this painting depict women in paramilitary uniforms in heroic poses, shown from down the stairs to give the appearance of greater height and stature. These fighters for Maos cause carry primitive rifles as they march forward to engage in the whirlingary struggle. During the Cultural Revolution, young students and young people were mobilized by Chinese government, called red guards or Hong Wei Bing. The Hong Wei Bing traveled throughout China, going to schools, universities, and institutions, spreading the teaching of Mao.They aimed to attack the old society (old ideas, cultures, manners, and customs) with violence, but indeed they followed blindly by governments propaganda. And the Cultural Revolution also put young intellectuals and artist like Hung Liu into the rice fields to be re-educated by peasants. Hung Liu chooses plain clothes worn by the women in the original photographs with flowers, painted in the traditional Chinese style.The drips of oil paint that enliven the paintings surface are a part of Western praxis with its extension phone to the personifications of beauty, charm, and grace. As she says, The oil washes and drips hat seep through my paintings contributes to a sense of loss while fade out the historical authenticity of the photographs I paint from. Color is a way of making contact with subjects that are fad ing into the gray tones of history.15Going Away, Coming Home 80 Blessings from Oakland Artist hung Liu. Port Of Oakland. http//www.museumca.org/press/pdf/Liu%20fact%20sheet%20fnl.pdfThrough this revolutionary background, Hung Liu had experienced a deep touch. This painting not only looks for the memory of girls but also expresses Hung Lius feeling of the Cultural Revolution through the image and drip.Third, artists look for identifying womens importance and missing recognition of social status because women in society are always ignored and make to play an unimportant role. Indeed, they are actually as significant as men in our world. Hung Lius paintings often narrate identity and story issues. She documents in her art the forgotten lives of anonymous people, especially those of women. She tries to recall their erased identity from society and appear their stories and content of existence back.Her work, We have Been Naught We Shall Be all(2007), a series of three canvases edged by bands to mimic widescreen film format, those works are inspired by Daughters of China (1949), a Ling Zifeng film based on the heroic actions of a group of women officers and soldiers during the Sino-Japanese War. Hung Lius empathetic response to the final moments of the women, as they carry a wounded comrade into the river to draw outdoor(a) enemy fire from the Chinese Resistance fighters, brings to the fore the theme of personal sacrifice. The images of women are taken by realistic presentation, Hung Liu bases on original photographic image of film.She reserves womens face without any color and intends to keep their original identify and recall their heroic dignity, accompanied by respect. The paintings from left to right, it seems catching the moment and movement when women carrying the wounded body toward the front. Hung Liu uses the lily-livered color on three canvases, the background of left painting is coloring yellow, yellow is on wounded body and womens figures of central canvas, and only little yellow color on right canvas.Moreover, yellow symbolizes the sharp memory. Hung Liu arranges the yellow on three canvases perfectly along with womens action and moment. This presents a balance between image and time. Her art work is concerned about what has been lost in transit between female and history. Hung Liu desires to give those nameless women place in history, and she would like to identify those women as significant heroes in our society.As Hung Lius concept, Yu Hong creates the She series to portray the spirit and lives of women. The meaning of existence in our world is then recorded. Different career women have also played different roles to show their importance. She-security guard, Yu Hong arranges one photographic image picked by security guard aside with one oil painting made by her. The photographic image is taken in front of the museum in her leisure time. Security guard wears white shirt with likely smile.In the photo, she raises her hand an d poses YA. Contrary to the next, the painting shows her working place. She wears yellow ochrecolor uniform and concentrate on her job with highly respect. The light is the parking light seems leading us to take a glance on her working place and tries to understand her work. Artist organizes this placement purposely and intent to show the importance of security guard in society.Yu Hong depicts the portrait image to let audience snoop security guards life between working place and personal life. She is the individual with singularity no one can replace her in this career position. Yu Hong still presents her realistic style on paintings, and she intends to record different modern female in different levels of life. As she says, If life can move slower, people can notice and pay attention in each detail and experience. I wish life could be freed from the restraint, so the essence of real life could be elateed. 16, , . ,, . Enjoy the Life-Yu Hong. Febay.com. http//www.febay.com.cn/mag azine/ArticleShow.asp?ArticleID=18433 (April, 2007)Yu Hong represents the reality of space on womans personal life and working life, elegant skills on portrait image, and female sensibility on womans experience. She also represents an inner desire of a female artist be responsible and conscious of womens social status.Fourth, the present reality of sadness and pain of Chinese women who are suffering under a rudely male-dominated world illustrate the image to challenge traditional patriarchy. In the works of Hung Liu, she has examined foot binding, practiced in China from the Song Dynasty until the beginning of the twentieth century. Many Chinese womens feet were bound from birth to artificially confine their growth, distorting them into small, twisted fists that were sexually attractive to men. The painful, deforming practice of foot binding was used to make a Chinese woman walk in an extremely difficult way, but their mincing steps were considered frail and lovely. Bound feet le ft women handicapped, which also ensured that they remained subservient.Moreover, it stressed the value of appearance while making a virtue of hiding ones pain and suffering, making it a combination of esthetics and cruelty. In one piece of her work called Bonsai (1992), Hung Liu placed a photograph next to an anatomical line drawing showing the cross-section of a human body flanked on either side by Chinese characters. The only decipherable physiognomic attributes in this figural drawing are the heart, what appears to be a spine, and a suggestion of enteral organs.What are most astonishing observations about this drawing are the absence of legs and the egg shape of the figure that almost mirrors the contour of the woman in the photograph. By placing these two images within the same interpretive context. Hung Liu has beef up the notion of the womans incapacitated movement. Womans physical movement had been limited by the mutilation of her feet in the same way that a tiny bonsai tr ee is confined to restrict its growth. She had been bound by Chinese societal and cultural practices as an object of male gratification. Hung Liu shows the Chinese aesthetic tradition with cruel reality in male- dominated society. She also presents how unfair beauty standards were to women in the long period.As a Chinese woman, the piece would make a you think about your grand grannie or grandmother suffering this pain in order to satisfy mens taste and standard. Her art work is concerned about what has been severed from the surroundings. She touches the sadness and painful reality of womens status in China. As a woman, she uses her sensibility to depict and voice for womens gender role. From her paintings, not only narrate stories but also represent true reality in our society.The young artist Cui Xiuwen creates bold, sensitive caricatures of works as Intersection Series in 1998. In the piece, she records the full front side of a mans naked body and dressed a young girl holding a r ose. The painting is also done in connection with Cezannes colors and narrative story-telling and nervous relationship between female and male. Cui Xiuwen colors the girls dress and dog on green color. Green color symbolizes the apology from fears and anxieties connected with the demands of others (men). The rose is represented as girls pure virginity which is inviolate. Girls face also reveals innocence.On the contrary, man genitals are bit off by girls dog, blooding through his underwear. His extremely fearful and shocking face shows on his face with opened mouth and colossal eyes. In traditional Chinese society, patriarchy dominates the world and power. Genitals are the symbol of patriarchy. Cui Xiuwen boldly challenges to patriarchal society and tries to reverse the social position between female and male.In traditional Chinese art, art is confined to the men society. Women always played being viewed characters men played viewer roles, but here, the artist breaks traditional art concept and reverses art presentation. The reversal shows Cui Xiuwens stance on the feminism. She makes up sham story image to express her own challenging patriarchic desire. Intensive and extraordinary color and story throw a huge stone to the eyes of the audience. This also brings new dispute to contemporary Chinese society.Finally, concern about female and social issues, the year 1976 marked a shift in political, economic, and cultural policy, a shift that opened China up to the outside world. afterwardward, society is changing rapidly. There are more and more social issues emerged such as teen-age crime and great(predicate) teen-age girl. Social value shifts to disparage path. Artists see this situation and use observations to bring the problem and question to audience. Yu Hong, she approaches new art presentation on skeletal frame and Ground.The works portrays some young girls practicing gymnastics. Images seem simple, but paintings neatly summarized a cultivate threa d of thought the artist has been developing over the years, and they express that thought in a way that ties the works visually to certain aesthetic principles found in traditional Chinese painting. As a group, paintings represent a fresh vision and a new level in artists oeuvre. Each painting in the series depicts from one to three girls against a blank ground, bent into wring positions as they practice gymnastics.Yu Hong bases the paintings on photographs she took at her daughters gymnastics class. The girls wear black leotards in addition to some combination of tight black pants, black and white striped shirt, and black slippers. As the artist has said, the paintings are all about girls doing artistic gymnastics. People, especially girls, have to change themselves to suit society. The images are a simple but highly effective metaphor for the place of young girls in contemporary society.17Erickson, Britta. Figure and Ground Yu Hongs Gymnastics series. Yu Hong. Beijing, China Loft .Although the students in Yu Hongs daughters gymnastics class range in age from six to teenage, the age of the girls portrayed in Figure and Ground is narrowed to about nine to twelve. Those are the years when girls move from childhood to puberty and begin to come under the heavy pressure of societys expectations. Teenage is a special period, and it is easy to lead a child to wrong path.Cui Xiuwens strength and certainty seems to have naturally alter into a desire of the home, of having a family, and in a wish, difficult to admit but naturally inevitable, of maternity. This is what the images of her work, Angel, inspire. Artist approaches her own sensitive observation to current social issue related to young age girl. This work does not want to criticize a social and universal situation. It brings up the awareness and the realization of an individual as a singular feeling. Cui Xiuwen wants to express how a young mother, especially teen-age mother in China feels and what fears she has to face. She uses a young model to create strong emotions. Rows of white young girls, ghost like girls, and the same girl repeated over, and in the same state of pregnancy, but the figures are positioned at confused scales, which express the different types of fear they have.Alone, staring at the horizon, scared and worried in a promotion that goes from the Forbidden City and continues on what can be a highway such as the Beijing ring road o the expressway to the airport. This represents the time when society is changing, and girls are unable to go back to the prior time and have no choice but to go forwardt. They look at the front but only darkness is surrounding them.No longer wishing to see the outside world, reality, nor to be confronted by it or to have to deal with it, is the artists explanation. Falling pregnant has distinctly different meanings and implications at different ages of woman. Both for the woman and it terms of how the external world judges the fact. Do the y herald or condemn. Cui Xiuwen asks Can a woman choose to have a baby alone, single, because she bows to maternal instinct, and does not feel the need to be married?18Smith, Karen. Photo series Angel of 2006 and One day in 2004. Catalog of DF2 Gallery. Los AngelesDF2 GalleryCui Xiuwen brings the question to make the audience aware about the young pregnant girls problem rather than criticize her . She uses retrospective manner to represent the image on her works. Her works do not strike us, nor are they extraordinarily critical, but rather leave significant questions in our minds.ConclusionYu Hong, Cui Xiuwen, and Hung Liu though are being in different generation groups they all aim to represent female qualities and voice for women through their works. Yu Hong was brought into the world at the start of the Cultural Revolution in 1966, during which almost every aspect of Chinese life was being re-evaluated. When re-examining the historical evidence and cultural production of the per iod, it becomes difficult to imagine life being brought into the world during such a period of upheaval. In many cultural products that are marketed as personal memories, the political economic situation is placed directly into the spotlight of the narrative, and personal elaborate become a way of contextualizing the nations story.Yu Hongs method of storytelling makes the personal much more central. Her generation, is a group existing between old (artists were trained as Russian realists) and young (artists were influence by emancipation movement) generations. Yu Hongs works always present old tradition concept (family as central start point) and new social concept which is related to social issues. Cui Xiuwen has been called many things-avant-garde, transgressive, feminist, controversial, and even over-the-top-buts never creatively stagnant. She is born a new kind of human, who grew up in a relatively open social environment and came of age in the increasingly more globalised inf ormation age. Her paintings and later photographs are always with frank depictions of human sexuality and controversial issues, which present her ideas and feelings about the new modern society.But Hung Liu, she was born in 1948 in China. During the Cultural Revolution, she was sent to the country to work in the fields and be reeducated. Hung Liu studied the acceptable artistic style of Socialist Realism while in China. After immigrating to San Diego, she learned that it is important for an artist to think and that art is intertwined with, not separate from life. Her works depict the cultural mixing that takes place when an individual moves to a new country and also reality of hidden history in China. She much focuses on historical sources to present the image of reality. Three generation group of artists have their own unique presentations through their works and also are influenced on their own social backgrounds.But, female are the most important image and concepts of their commo nality of works. By focusing on a female rather than on a male, three artists challenge a tradition of patriarchy. In the art pieces, the bank clerk (three female artists) and the protagonists (female image in works) are all women. As such, they present the viewer with a distinctively female view of the world. In historical constructions, womens lives were generally touched only indirectly in contrast to their fathers, husbands, or brothers. Yu Hong, Cui Xiuwen, and Hung Liu show the womens lives being immediately influenced by the external world and also their existence and importance in our society.History, society, and family have been great influences upon the development of female art in China. Because of the subjection that Chinese women have faced from a patriarchal society, female art exhibit intense emotions of sadness, pain, and revolution against the male dominated Chinese social stratification. There are many paintings, and photographs that depict the detrimental state that Chinese women were in during the more rigid periods of Chinese history. Various works of art from photos to paintings show female opposition against various Chinese traditions that have oppressed their gender for generations.Many female artists who driven by extreme emotion focused on work that mirrored their sense of retribution against male dominance. Art work that feature females turning the tables on men are common among more liberal female artists. There is also a lot of work that defy traditional Chinese art that is also patriarchal. Such works make use of non-conventional materials and subjects as a way to challenge the male dominated norms. This shows an image of the Chinese female artist as someone who wants to break free from an oppressive condition through the use of personal expression.The qualities linked with the use of the expression in art for them taking placard of use of words importantly as the innermost artistic element, simplification, appropriation, repr esentation of user or frequent culture as well as art itself. The artists believe that art makes people realize the truth-at least(prenominal) the truth that is given to all to understand, and brings back eliminated women state in Chinese tradition.Chinese female artists have become more motivated to do art not only because of talent, but they convey reality and truth through art. In currently modern world, the majority is focusing on economic flourishing, globalization, and new technology. Most people have forgotten the essence of life and the simple things that make us live along with the many troubles of creation and theses contemporary Chinese female artists, through exploring modern art are still preserving the real essence of making art and what art means to them, and the female artists also discover their own experience and find an appropriate way of expression in Chinese art.In relation to this, the female artist thus gives superior importance to the role of women in Chin ese society. Many bodacious works aim to recognize female contribution to the family, government, and society which goes largely undistinguished in past generations. Here the Chinese female artists aim to open viewers hearts and minds to the true worth of the Chinese woman. Works of art that show how important Chinese women are also tend to show how much they are taken for granted.The Chinese woman artist was also found to be sensitive with the changing times. As society evolved over years of political, economic, and social change, so did female artistry change with it. In fact, female art can be concluded to be much more versatile than Chinese male art which is considered more traditional and unyielding to time. Another difference duly noted between male and female works of art in China was that females tend to express more deepness and daringness in terms of depicting sensual subjects. Years of yearning for equality with their male partners have also implied years of dissatisfa ction with how males see copulation rituals. The outlet of this repression can be observed with how meaningful and rich Chinese female works of sensual art are.The female artist takes her time to craft the intricate details that add flavor to a romantic scene. The female artist is able to bring out the humanity of a sensitive scene and does not confine the subject to feral lust. Instead, the focus is upon the intimateness of interaction that is not meant to sexually arouse but rather to emotionally move viewers. Lastly, the image of the Chinese female artist is one that is deeply devoted to the value of family. Influences from childhood memories can be seen in the works of many female artists and is regarded as a sense of personal beauty added to general themes.Those are the themes that provide the boilersuit picture in which female art is framed. Chinese female art can be compared to a strong, demanding voice that echoes the grievances of an oppressed gender and outwardly shows how important it is and why people should take notice. It is forceful and bold, more than willing to reject the norms in order to convey its meaning to an internal society that it deems as largely unsympathetic to their concerns. At the same time, female art is delicate and sweet, showing not intent to satisfy but a true expression of beauty.Lastly, it can be concluded that female art is greatly influenced by changing times and each generation of female artists have their own issues to face which are reflected in the works that they cause. Despite female art showing the capability of female artists, it is also a representation of quality artistic work. These qualities contents highly essence of female touch and voice, and also produce with strong female expression through the artworks. Female art is not only made by female artist, on contrary, it is an art with enthusiastic female quality.These five categories of female quality present the sense of female beauty and expression, artis ts sensitivity of women, and extraordinary and skillful handling of paint. Observe the female art movement in the western society and Chinese society, there is no gap between them. In the west or China, the essence of quality of female art has maintained the same content and concept.In tardily decade, female consciousness emerges and brings new concept to women. Women begin to understand themselves more and express their feelings to others. With a modern course of awareness in Chinese contemporary art in the global market, Chinese female artist are expectant that they will reach their ultimate objective Chinese female artist must have a say. They will continue to explore and find a new way to express their art and voice for women, and the quality of female art will also get more abundant themes.